Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

N-Eval > FINALS: Cardiac Evaluation > Flashcards

FINALS: Cardiac Evaluation Flashcards

1
Q

What is Cardiovascular Disease (CVD)?

A

A pathological process involving atherosclerosis that affects the entire arterial circulation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

A form of atherosclerosis affecting coronary arteries, including conditions like angina, myocardial infarction (MI), silent ischemia, and sudden cardiac death.

A

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What causes atherosclerosis?

A

Lipid-laden plaques form within the intimal layer of medium and large arteries, narrowing the lumen and reducing blood flow.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is heart failure, and how is it classified as congestive?

A

Heart failure is impaired left ventricular (LV) function. It is called congestive heart failure (CHF) when accompanied by edema (congestion).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are examples of malignant arrhythmias?

A

Sustained ventricular tachycardia (V-tach) and ventricular fibrillation (V-fib).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What blood pressure defines hypertension (HTN)?

A

Systolic BP ≥ 140 mmHg or diastolic BP ≥ 90 mmHg.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the three tissue layers of the heart?

A

Pericardium: Outer double-walled sac (parietal and visceral layers).
Myocardium: Thick muscular middle layer.
Endocardium: Inner endothelial lining.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the main coronary arteries?

A

Right coronary artery
Left anterior descending artery
Left circumflex artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the atrioventricular valves, and their functions?

A

Tricuspid valve (RA → RV)
Mitral (bicuspid) valve (LA → LV)
Function: Prevent backflow into the atria during systole.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the semilunar valves, and their functions?

A

Pulmonic valve: Prevents backflow from pulmonary artery.
Aortic valve: Prevents backflow from aorta.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is cardiac output (CO), and how is it calculated?

A

CO = Stroke Volume (SV) × Heart Rate (HR). Normal CO is 4–6 L/min at rest.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the three factors influencing stroke volume (SV)?

A

Preload: LVEDV at the end of diastole.
Contractility: Strength of ventricular contraction.
Afterload: Resistance the LV must overcome during systole.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the phases of the cardiac cycle?

A

Systole: Contraction phase.
Diastole: Filling phase.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What do the components of the ECG represent?

A

P wave: Atrial depolarization.
PR segment: AV node conduction.
QRS complex: Ventricular depolarization.
ST segment: Ventricular repolarization starts.
T wave: Ventricular repolarization completes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is VO2max?

A

Maximum oxygen consumption during intense aerobic exercise, expressed in mL/kg/min.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What electrolyte imbalances affect cardiac function?

A

Hypokalemia: Causes arrhythmias, muscle cramping, flattened T waves, and U-waves.
Hypocalcemia: Increases ventricular ectopy.
Hypomagnesemia: Increases risk of arrhythmias.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

: What is 1 MET?

A

The amount of oxygen consumed at rest, approximately 3.5 mL O2/kg/min.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are common symptoms of cardiovascular disease (CVD)?

A

Chest pressure, dyspnea, fatigue, syncope, and palpitations.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What factors influence activity limitations in heart disease?

A

Peripheral muscle strength.
Compensatory mechanisms.
Pharmacological management.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are common cardiac biomarkers elevated in ACS?

A

Troponins I & T: Most sensitive markers of myocardial damage.
CK-MB: Isoenzyme specific to myocardial damage.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Define White Coat Hypertension.

A

Blood pressure consistently elevated in a medical office but normal in out-of-office readings.

15
Q

List two main types of hypertension and their key characteristics.

A

Primary (Essential) HTN: No identifiable cause (90–95% cases); influenced by genetics, stress, obesity, etc.
Secondary HTN: Caused by identifiable medical conditions (renal disease, endocrine disorders, etc.).

15
Q

What is the hallmark sign of Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS)?

A

Ischemic chest pain due to an imbalance between myocardial oxygen supply and demand.

16
Q

Differentiate between unstable angina, stable angina, and Prinzmetal (variant) angina.

A

Unstable angina: Occurs at rest, increases in severity/frequency, refractory to treatment.
Stable angina: Triggered by activity, relieved by rest or reducing oxygen demand.
Prinzmetal angina: Caused by coronary artery vasospasm, managed with NTG or calcium channel blockers.

16
Q

What are the three clinical presentations of ACS?

A

Angina
Injury (acute MI)
Infarction (old MI with irreversible dead tissue)

16
Q

Define compensated and decompensated heart failure.

A

Compensated HF: Symptoms are relieved by medical intervention.
Decompensated HF: Symptoms worsen with congestion and require urgent treatment.

17
Q

What are hallmark signs of left-sided heart failure?

A

Shortness of breath (SOB) and cough due to fluid backup in the lungs.

17
Q

What clinical findings indicate heart failure on auscultation?

A

Presence of crackles/rales in the lungs and an S3 heart sound.

18
Q

What are the hallmark symptoms of CHF-related pulmonary edema?

A

Crackling lung sounds, dyspnea, and visible fluid accumulation in alveoli on chest X-ray.

19
Q
A
19
Q

Alterations in the electric conduction of the heart, caused by impaired electrical impulse formation or conduction.

A

arrhythmias

19
Q

What are ectopic beats?

A

Beats originating from a site other than the sinus node, such as premature atrial contractions (PACs) or premature ventricular contractions (PVCs).

20
Q

What are the hallmark ECG features of a premature ventricular contraction (PVC)?

A

Absence of a P wave.
Wide and bizarre QRS complex.

21
Q

What is ventricular bigeminy and trigeminy?

A

Bigeminy: Every other beat is a PVC.
Trigeminy: Every third beat is a PVC.

21
Q

What is ventricular tachycardia (V-tach)?

A

A run of four or more PVCs in a row, which may be sustained or nonsustained.

22
Q

A life-threatening arrhythmia characterized by quivering ventricles, resulting in no effective cardiac output. Requires immediate defibrillation.

A

ventricular fibrillation (V-fib)

23
Q

What is first-degree heart block?

A

Prolonged conduction time through the AV node, shown by an increased PR interval on ECG.

23
Q

What is the function of an Automatic Implantable Cardiac Defibrillator (AICD)?

A

: Detects life-threatening arrhythmias like V-tach or V-fib and delivers an electrical shock to restore rhythm.

24
Q

What is atrial fibrillation (A-fib)?

A

An irregularly irregular rhythm caused by uncoordinated atrial contractions, reducing cardiac output by 15–20%.

25
Q

Complete mismatch between atrial and ventricular conduction, with no relationship between P waves and QRS complexes.

A

third-degree heart block

25
Q

What is the difference between Mobitz I and Mobitz II second-degree heart block?

A

Mobitz I (Wenckebach): Gradual PR interval lengthening before a dropped beat.
Mobitz II: Normal PR intervals with sudden dropped beats

26
Q

What are the four primary functions of a pacemaker?

A

Sense intrinsic cardiac activity.
Stimulate cardiac depolarization when intrinsic activity fails.
Provide rate-responsive pacing.
Store diagnostic information.

27
Q

What are the primary indications for pacemaker placement?

A

Symptomatic bradycardia.
Chronotropic incompetence (HR fails to increase with exercise).
AV delays or bundle branch blocks.

28
Q

How can heart rate be calculated using ECG strips?

A

Count complexes in a 6-second strip and multiply by 10.
Divide 300 by the number of large boxes between two R waves.

28
Q

What psychological issues may arise with cardiac disease?

A

Patients may face emotional issues, such as anxiety or depression, and require reassurance and counseling support.

29
Q
A
30
Q
A
30
Q
A
30
Q
A
31
Q
A

N-Eval (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions