Prelims bits - 1 Flashcards

Question

“Sthanakvasi” religious sect

Answer 1

Sthānakavāsī sect of Śvētāmbara Jainism founded by merchant named Lavaji in 1653 AD. idol worship not essential in the path of soul purification and attainment of Nirvana/Moksha. a reformation of the one founded on teachings of Lonka, a 15th-century Jain reformer. Sthānakavāsins accept 32 of the Jain Agamas, the Śvētāmbara canon. Śvētāmbarins who are not Sthānakavāsins are mostly part the Murtipujaka sect

Answer 2

1955; establishment of KVIC; | suggested distribution of 2-5 million ambar charkhas- technologically improved hand spinning equipment

Answer 3

decentralization of Khadi work, recognition of large certified institutions; formation of co-operatives

Answer 4

to evaluate Khadi sales in the country. | pointed out vicious cycle of low o/p, low wages.

Answer 5

recommended that the policy of production and sales at least 40% of sales within the district 80% within state export to other states should not exceed 20%

Answer 6

evolve a fresh approach to development 1. producing salable articles 2. providing employment to ppl in backward areas, tribal, inaccessible areas, famine, drought stricken areas, backward and less privileged section of the population 3. to create self-reliance and community spirit among rural people

Answer 7

Avalokiteshvara

Answer 8

Maitreya - future Buddha of this world in Buddhist eschatology. In some Buddhist literature, such as the Amitabha Sutra and the Lotus Sutra, he is referred to as Ajita. According to Buddhist tradition, Maitreya is a bodhisattva who will appear on Earth in the future, achieve complete enlightenment, and teach the pure dharma

Answer 9

Aflatoxins - various diseases, such as aflatoxicosis in livestock, domestic animals, humans. Patulin mycotoxin produced by - molds -Aspergillus, Penicillium, Byssochlamys.- rotting apples Aspergillus is used in commercial prodn of citric acid

Answer 10

quinquennial/5yrly; reveals average expenditure on goods (food and non-food) and services generate estimates of household Monthly Per Capita Consumer Expenditure (MPCE), distribution of households and persons over the MPCE classes. gauging the demand dynamics, understanding the shifting priorities in terms of baskets of goods and services assessing living standards and growth trends; used by govt in rebasing GDP and other macro-economic indicators

Answer 11

ST community of Assam, Meghalaya and West Bengal.

Answer 12

Hindus; largest ethnicities in Meghalaya; spread across NE India, West Bengal and Bangladesh. predominantly rice farmers. ST in India.

Answer 13

northwestern Burma as well as Lohit district of Arunachal Pradesh in India. Smaller numbers can be found in parts of Assam. Tai-Khamti are followers of Theravada Buddhism

Answer 14

spread across Bangladesh and parts of northeastern India, western, Burma etc. They have their own language, customs and culture, and profess Theravada Buddhism

Answer 15

Diseases eradicable today: polio, Guinea worm disease, lymphatic filariasis, cysticercosis, measles, mumps, rubella Eradicable diseases criteria: infectious, humans major host, effective vaccines/treatments are available, political-financial support for eradication efforts world eradicated 2 diseases: Smallpox, Rinderpest Efforts to eradicate/eliminate addl diseases -malaria, trachoma, river blindness, yaws are underway

Answer 16

As at 2020, wild poliovirus type 1 affects two countries: Pakistan and Afghanistan. India has become the first country in the world to get the Yaws-free certificate by the WHO. This is the third major momentous public health feat for India, which was declared polio-free two years ago, elimination of maternal and neonatal tetanus early this year and now becoming free from Yaws, a chronic bacterial infection caused by Treponema pallidum subsp Pertenue. India has officially declared itself free from highly contagious Avian Influenza (H5N1) or bird flu and has notified the same to the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE). Smallpox was declared by WHO to be eradicated in 1979 from the World.

Answer 17

phasing out production of numerous Ozone Depleting Substances (ODSs); (CFCs), Methyl Chloroform, CTC halons, Methyl Bromide phased-out globally. NO legally binding reduction goals for the use of CFCs India became a Party to the Montreal Protocol September 1992; ratified the Copenhagen, Montreal and Beijing Amendments in 2003

Answer 18

protect human health, environment from persistent organic pollutants POP, UNEP. India’s Union Cabinet gave its approval to ratify and accede to the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants on 20 October 2005.

Answer 19

``` 3rd intl conf on SD Rio 2012 / Rio+20 / 20th anniversary of Earth Summit 10th anniversary of the 2002 World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) in Johannesburg. report themed “The future we want“. ```

Answer 20

Prior Informed Consent Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade; multilateral treaty to promote shared responsibilities in relation to importation of hazardous chemicals, effective from 2004. The convention promotes open exchange of information and calls on exporters of hazardous chemicals to use proper labelling, include directions on safe handling, and inform purchasers of any known restrictions or bans. Signatory nations can decide whether to allow or ban the importation of chemicals listed in the treaty, and exporting countries are obliged to make sure that producers within their jurisdiction comply. In 2012, the Secretariats of the Basel and Stockholm conventions, as well as the UNEP-part of the Rotterdam Convention Secretariat, merged to a single Secretariat with a matrix structure serving the three conventions.

Answer 21

Rio +10, held at Johannesburg in 2002 | Reviewed progress in the implementation of Agenda 21 since its adoption in 1992

Answer 22

combat desertification in countries experiencing serious drought, desertification - U.N. Conference on Environment and Development. bottom-up approach to international environmental cooperation. national, regional and sub-regional action programmes. India hosts the network on agro forestry and soil conservation. 2006 was declared “International Year of Deserts and Desertification”

Answer 23

Genetic Resources - Access, Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from their Utilization to the Convention on Biological Diversity

Answer 24

safe handling, transport and use of living modified organisms (LMOs) resulting from modern biotechnology that may have adverse effects on biological diversity, taking also into account risks to human health. It was adopted on 29 January 2000 and entered into force on 11 September 2003.

Answer 25

adopted in the year 1985 and entered into force in 1988. Protection of the Ozone Layer and its Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer are dedicated to the protection of the earth’s ozone layer. With 197 parties, it is one of the most widely ratified treaties in United Nations history. Key Provisions: It acts as a framework for the international efforts to protect the ozone layer however it does not include legally binding reduction goals for the use of CFCs. India specific trivia: India became a Party to the Vienna Convention for the Protection of Ozone Layer on 19 June 1991 and the Montreal Protocol on substances that deplete the ozone layer on 17 September 1992.

Answer 26

1. It is the largest protected area in the Eastern Himalaya biodiversity hotspot and harbours the northernmost lowland evergreen rainforests in the world. 2. The habitat changes with increasing altitude from tropical moist forests to Montane forests, temperate forests and at the higher elevations to Alpine meadows and perennial snow. located in Changlang district, near its border with Myanmar. extensive bamboo forests and secondary forests in addition to the primary forests. Because of many different vegetation zones, the park is home to a great diversity of mammal species- snow leopards, clouded leopards, large Indian civet, barking deer etc.

Answer 27

discovery or purchase of the 116-carat Tavernier Blue diamond, in 1666. The diamond was certainly Indian in origin and likely sourced by Tavernier in 1666[4] at the Kollur mine in Guntur district of Andhra Pradesh. Tavernier sold it to Louis XIV of France.

Answer 28

found between the latitudes of 40 and 50 degrees; strong west-to-east air (Westerly) currents are caused by the combination of air being displaced from the Equator towards the South Pole and the Earth's rotation, and there are few landmasses to serve as windbreaks. Roaring Forties were a major aid to ships sailing the Brouwer Route from Europe to the East Indies or Australasia during the Age of Sail, and in modern usage are favoured by yachtsmen on round-the-world voyages and competitions. The boundaries of the Roaring Forties are not consistent, and shift north or south depending on the season. Similar but stronger conditions occur in more southerly latitudes and are referred to as the Furious Fifties and Shrieking or Screaming Sixties

Answer 29

Kings names in anc India

Answer 30

Seshachalam

Answer 31

saint and reformer of Bengal who popularised the Krishna cult. He renounced the material world, became an ascetic and wandered all over the country preaching his ideas. universal brotherhood of man, condemned all distinction based on religion and caste. emphasised love and peace and showed great sympathy to the sufferings of other people, especially that of the poor and the weak. He believed that through love and devotion, song and dance, a devotee can feel the presence of God. He accepted disciples from all classes and castes and his teachings are widely followed in Bengal even today

Answer 32

Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the study of Arctic climate (MOSAiC) 1st year-round expedition into the central Arctic exploring the Arctic climate system. total budget exceeding 60 Million € designed by an intl consortium of leading polar research institutions under International Arctic Science Committee (IASC). understanding of the regional and global consequences of Arctic climate change and sea-ice loss and improve weather and climate predictions. safer maritime and offshore operations, contribute to an improved scientific basis for future fishery and traffic along northern sea routes, increase coastal community resilience, and support science-informed decision-making and policy development

Answer 33

Tapti River between the Godavari and Narmada rivers starts from Betul, Madhya Pradesh, and then flows westwards before draining through the Gulf of Khambhat into the Arabian Sea.

Answer 34

The Godavari is India's second longest river after the Ganga. Its source is in Triambakeshwar, Maharashtra.

Answer 35

Originating in the foothills of Western Ghats at Talakaveri, Kodagu in Karnataka Cauvery flows generally south and east through Karnataka and Tamil Nadu emptying into the Bay of Bengal.

Answer 36

Mahanadi is a combination of many mountain streams and thus its precise source is impossible to pinpoint. However its farthest headwaters lie 6 kilometres from Pharsiya village in Dhamtari district of Chhattisgarh.

Answer 37

International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL Convention). It is the main international convention that deals with this subject. It was adopted in 1973 and entered into force in 1983. Its biodiversity relevance stems from the highly detrimental effect that pollution can have on marine organisms, therefore by preventing the pollution of the sea the Convention contributes towards the maintenance of marine biodiversity.

Answer 38

Bengali Indian organisation and arose from conglomerations of local youth groups and gyms in Bengal. It had two prominent if somewhat independent arms in East and West Bengal identified as Dhaka Anushilan Samiti and the Jugantar group respectively. Between its foundations to its gradual dissolution through 1930s, the Samiti collaborated with other revolutionary organisations in India and abroad. Led by notable revolutionaries of the likes of Aurobindo Ghosh, Rash Behari Bose and Jatindranath Mukherjee, the Samiti was involved in a number of noted incidences of revolutionary terrorism against British interests and administration in India. These included the early attempts to assassinate Raj officials, the 1912 attempt on the life of Viceroy of India, as well as the Sedetious conspiracy during World War I.

Answer 39

``` Restaurant (Purple) Fruit & Vegetable Retail (Green) Meat Retail (Red) Milk Retail (Blue) Street Food (Purple) Retail Store (Grey) ```

Answer 40

writers of full-length | novels from the Commonwealth of Nations, Ireland, or Zimbabwe

Answer 41

newspaper or online journalism, literature, or music. There are 21 categories including the Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Writing, the Pulitzer Prize for Music and the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction

Answer 42

categories, such as the Book of the Year, Outstanding Achievement, UK Author of the Year, Children's Book of the Year and Thriller & Crime Novel of the Year

Answer 43

1. Gangetic Dolphin 2. India Gazelle 3. Lion-tailed Macaque 4. Pygmy Hog

Answer 44

Tons, Chambal, Hindon, Betwa and Ken. Other | small tributaries of the Yamuna River include the Giri, Sind, Uttangan, Sengar and the Rind

Answer 45

Brahmani is a tributary of Mahanadi. Others are Ib, Jonk, Tel, HAsdep, Kuakhai etc

Answer 46

second largest silk producer of raw silk world’s largest consumer of pure silk. only country to produce all 4 varieties - Mulberry, Eri, Tasar and Muga. Mulberry is the largest practiced sericulture industry -76% of the entire silk production exquisite brocade fabrics - Banaras, Karnataka, Patola of Gujarat and Rajasthan, ikats from Orissa, fine Bandhej, temple silks of Kancheepuram and Tanjore, etc.

Answer 47

signed in 1765, between the Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II, and Robert, Lord Clive as a result of the Battle of Buxar of 1764. The Treaty marks the political and constitutional involvement and the beginning of British rule in India. Based on the terms of the agreement, Alam granted EIC Diwani rights- right to collect taxes on behalf of the Emperor from eastern province of Bengal-BiharOrissa. Thus EIC got appointed as the imperial tax collector for the Eastern province (Bengal-Bihar-Orissa). These rights allowed the Company to collect revenue directly from the people of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa. In return, the Company paid an annual tribute of twenty-six lakhs of rupees (equal to 260,000 pounds sterling) while securing for Shah Alam II the districts of Kora and Allahabad. The tribute money paid to the emperor was for the maintenance of the Emperor's court in Allahabad.

Answer 48

extends the 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) that commits State Parties to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, based on the premise that (a) global warming exists and (b) human-made CO2 emissions have caused it.

Answer 49

. It offers sovereign and non-sovereign financing for sustainable projects in energy, telecommunications and rural infrastructure. 2. It may participate in the underwriting of securities issued by any entity or enterprise for purposes consistent with its purpose provide financing in a variety of ways, including, inter alia, making loans, investing in the equity capital of an enterprise, and guaranteeing, whether as primary or secondary obligor, in whole or in part, loans for economic development; agriculture development, water supply and sanitation, environmental protection, and urban development and logistics

Answer 50

change in the costs of G,S excludes food and energy sectors (too volatile or fluctuate wildly) determine impact of rising prices on consumer income. represents the long run trend in the price level. In measuring long run inflation, dynamic consumption basket is considered the basis to obtain core inflation. calculated using the Consumer Price Index (CPI)

Answer 51

Electromagnetic radiation in the microwave wavelength region is used in remote sensing to provide useful information about the Earth's atmosphere, land and ocean. A microwave radiometer is a passive device which records the natural microwave emission from the earth. to measure the total water content of the atmosphere within its field of view. In synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imaging, microwave pulses are transmitted by an antenna towards the earth surface. The microwave energy scattered back to the spacecraft is measured. use of the radar principle to form an image by utilising the time delay of the backscattered signals

Answer 52

southernmost air station of Indian Armed Forces. Located at Campbell Bay on the Great Nicobar island, the southernmost and largest island of the Nicobar island. This island is also the location of the Indira Point and is less than 250 km by sea from Banda Aceh in Indonesia. helping build Maritime Domain Awareness by providing information via airborne surveillance using aircraft and (UAVs). India’s “window into East and Southeast Asia”, and is in close vicinity of the Six Degree Channel/Great Channel, one of the Indian Ocean’s busiest shipping lines, carrying strategic cargo to East Asian countries. It is also close to the Strait of Malacca. It is a part of the Andaman and Nicobar Command, the only tri-services formation of the Indian Armed Forces that was started in 2001

Answer 53

Indian literary award presented annually by the Bharatiya Jnanpith to an author for their "outstanding contribution towards literature". Instituted in 1961, only to Indian writers writing in Indian languages included in the 8th Schedule and English. No posthumous

Answer 54

(distinguished by an asterisk) requires an oral answer and hence supplementary questions can follow

Answer 55

requires a written answer and hence, supplementary | questions cannot follow

Answer 56

asked by giving a notice of less than ten days. It is answered orally.

Answer 57

rate of generation of biomass in an ecosystem Swamps and Marshes> Coral Reefs> River Estuaries> Cultivated Lands ``` Swamps and marshes 2,500 [3] Tropical rainforests 2,000 [50] 8 16 Coral reefs 2,000 [3] 0.28 [51] 0.56 Algal beds 2,000 [3] River estuaries 1,800 [3] Temperate forests 1,250 [3] 19 24 Cultivated lands 650 [3][52] 17 11 Tundras 140 [3][52] Open ocean 125 [3][52] 311 39 Deserts ```

Answer 58

world repository for the collection of germplasm of the six mandate crops: sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea, groundnut, finger millet; and five small millets largest international genebanks regional genebanks at Nairobi, Bulawayo and Niamey to facilitate easy access of regional and global diversity to NARS partners serves both as insurance against genetic erosion and a sources of tolerance to diseases and pests, environmental stresses, higher nutritional quality and traits related to yield for crop improvement placed in-trust with the FAO of the United Nations and the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (ITPGRFA) for use by the global community as International Public Good (IPG) vital role in preservation of genetic variability as it is easy to maintain and cost-effective. The conserved germplasm has been characterized for important morphoagronomic characteristics ICRISAT Genebank has deposited over 111,000 accessions at Svalbard Global Seed Vault (SGSV), Norway as safety backup. The SGSV provides an insurance against the loss of seeds in genebanks, as well as a refuge for seeds in the case of large scale regional or global crisis source of diversity available to researchers in both public and private sectors throughout the world

Answer 59

by the Central Bureau of Health Intelligence Covers comprehensive information on demographic, socio-economic health status, health finance indicators, health infrastructure and health of human resources in the country

Answer 60

include measures to support prices, inputs, or subsidies directly related to production quantities. “de minimis” minimal supports are allowed (generally 5% of agricultural production for developed countries, 10% for developing countries) reduction commitments are expressed in terms of a “Total Aggregate Measurement of Support” (Total AMS) which includes all supports for specified products together with supports that are not for specific products, in one single figure. In the current negotiations, various proposals deal with how much further these subsidies should be reduced, and whether limits should be set for specific products rather than continuing with the single overall “aggregate” limits

Answer 61

Blue Box is the “amber box with conditions” — conditions designed to reduce distortion. Any support that would normally be in the amber box, is placed in the blue box if the support also requires farmers to limit production (details set out in Paragraph 5 of Article 6 of the Agriculture Agreement). At present there are no limits on spending on blue box subsidies

Answer 62

intl coalition of countries, UN agencies, multilateral dvlpnt banks, pvt sector, academic institutions, to promote disaster-resilient infra. promote research, knowledge sharing in infra risk mgmnt, stds, financing, and recovery mechanisms. launched by PM at 2019 UN Climate Action Summit. achieve substantial changes in member countries' policy frameworks, future infra investments, along with a major decrease in economic losses suffered due to disasters. assist countries to upgrade their capacities and practices, with regard to infra dvlpnt in accordance with their risk context and economic needs. Partnership will be working in the areas of governance and policy, emerging technology, risk identification and estimation, recovery and reconstruction, resilience standards and certification, finance, and capacity development. WB and Green Climate Fund (GCF) expressed support for CDRI and committed to working closely with its secretariat in Delhi 12 founding members of CDRI: Aust, Bhutan, Fiji, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Maldives, Mexico, Mongolia, Rwanda, SL, UK. In India, NE and Himalayan regions are prone to earthquakes, coastal areas to cyclones and tsunamis and central peninsular region to droughts

Answer 63

The pardoning power of President is wider than the governor and it differs in the following two ways: The power of the President to grant pardon extends in cases where the punishment or sentence is by a Court Martial but Article 161 does not provide any such power to the Governor. The President can grant pardon in all cases where the sentence given is sentence of death but pardoning power of Governor does not extend to death sentence cases. But, both can commute sentences

Answer 64

This power of pardon shall be exercised by the President on the advice of Council of Ministers. The constitution does not provide for any mechanism to question the legality of decisions of President or governors exercising mercy jurisdiction. But the SC in Epuru Sudhakar case has given a small window for judicial review of the pardon powers of President and governors for the purpose of ruling out any arbitrariness President shall have the power to grant pardons, reprieves, respites or remissions of punishment or to suspend, remit or commute the sentence of any person convicted of any offence. Pardon–A pardon completely absolves the offender from all sentences and punishment and disqualifications and places him in the same position as if he had never committed the offence. Commutation– Commutation means exchange of one thing for another. In simple words to replace the punishment with less severe punishment. For example for Rigorous imprisonmentsimple imprisonment. Reprieve– Reprieve means temporary suspension of death sentence. For example- pending a proceeding for pardon or commutation. Respite– Respite means awarding a lesser punishment on some special grounds. For examplethe Pregnancy of women offender. Remissions– Remission means the reduction of the amount of sentence without changing its haracter, for example, a sentence of 1 year may be remitted to 6 months.

Answer 65

The British failed to fulfill the terms of the defensive treaty with Haider when he was attacked by the Marathas in 1771. 2. There was an outbreak of hostilities between the English and the French (an ally of Haider) during the American War of Independence. 3. The British captured Mahe, a French settlement within Haider’s territories. 4. Haider Ali formed a grand alliance with the Nizam of Hyderabad and the Marathas against the British in 1779.

Answer 66

1. It forms a transition zone between Zanskar and Great Himalayan range. 2. Asiatic black bear, snow leopard, musk deer, brown bear, red fox, and blue sheep 3. It forms a part of the Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve

Answer 67

like a mutual fund, enables direct investment of small amounts of money from possible individual/institutional investors in infra to earn a small portion of the income as return. InvITs can be treated as the modified version of REITs designed to suit the specific circumstances of infra sector. similar to REIT but invest in infra projects such as roads or highways which take some time to generate steady cash flows

Answer 68

owning a share of property, and so an appropriate share of the income from it will come to you, after deducting an appropriate share of expenses. like a group of ppl pooling their money together and buying real estate except that it’s on a large scale and is regulated. both InVIT, REIT are open to both retail and institutional investors. InVIT does not provide ownership rights, but REIT does.

Answer 69

Given the importance of infrastructure and real estate 2 most critical sectors in any developing economy, and paucity of public funds available to stimulate their growth, additional channels of financing needed. well-developed infrastructural set-up propels overall development of a country. facilitates a steady inflow of private and foreign investments, thereby augments capital base available for growth of key sectors in an economy, as well as its own growth, in a sustained manner.

Answer 70

rock-cut rathas, sculptured scenes on open rocks like Arjuna's penance, caves of Govardhanadhari Mahishasuramardini, the Jala-Sayana Perumal temple (the sleeping Mahavishnu or Chakrin at the rear part of the Shore temple complex) attributed to period of Narasimhavarman-I Mamalla. Of the nine monolithic temples found in Mahabalipuram, most important are Five Rathas known after the famous five Pandava brothers of the Mahabharata fame. These monuments are carved out a single rock.

Answer 71

A bill pending in the Lok Sabha lapses (whether originating in the Lok Sabha or transmitted to it by the Rajya Sabha). A bill passed by the Lok Sabha but pending in the Rajya Sabha lapses. A bill not passed by the two Houses due to disagreement and if the president has notified the holding of a joint sitting before the dissolution of Lok Sabha, does not lapse. A bill pending in the Rajya Sabha but not passed by the Lok Sabha does not lapse. A bill passed by both Houses but pending assent of the president does not lapse. A bill passed by both Houses but returned by the president for reconsideration of Houses does not lapse.

Answer 72

imp mathematical discoveries- trigonometric formulae, sine tables where he improved those of Aryabhata I Panchasiddhantika (The Five Astronomical Canons) dated 575 AD- info about older Indian texts; treatise on mathematical astronomy, summarises 5 earlier astronomical treatises, namely Surya, Romaka, Paulisa, Vasistha and Paitamaha siddhantas. educated in Kapitthaka. worked at Ujjain centre for mathematics since 400 AD. Brahmagupta as its next major figure.

Answer 73

agriculture more productive, sustainable, remunerative, climate resilient by promoting location specific Integrated/Composite Farming Systems; conserve natural resources thr appropriate soil and moisture conservation measures; Comprehensive soil health management practices, soil test based application of macro & micro nutrients, judicious use of fertilizers etc To optimize utilization of water ‘more crop per drop’; develop capacity of farmers improving productivity of rainfed farming by mainstreaming rainfed technologies inter and intra Departmental/Ministerial co-ordination

Answer 74

a money bill bill alternation of state boundaries introduction of GST

Answer 75

an indicator of business activity- in the manufacturing and services sectors. It is a survey-based measure that asks the respondents about changes in their perception about key business variables as compared with the previous month.