Modern India Flashcards

Question 1

Q

Achievements of NCM

Answer

A

Hindu Muslim Unity – Communal harmony
Use of Passive Resistance on a national scale
Truly mass movement – National sentiments throughout country
Established Gandhi as a true leader
Involvement of women

Question 2

Q

Shortcomings of NCM

Answer

A

Communalised the national politics to some extent
Response to call for resignation from govt services limited
Business class- afraid of labour unrest in factories- remained skeptical of mvmnt.
Many zamindars did not join movement.

Question 3

Q

Fragmented polity mid 18th cent

Answer

A

16th cent cent admn to 18th cent weak admn
Auangzeb’s misguided policies
Later Mughals - ineffective, succession disputes,
North, East: Afghan inv; discontent mansabdars; Govrs Awadh, Bengal, Hyd - indpt reg states; Ascent of Marathas, Eng, French
Deccan, South - Treaty of Masulipatnam 1768, Carnatic puppet rulers, Maratha Panipat defeat
Implications
Economic burden of wars of succession, foreign invasion
Ripe grnd British large scale drain of wealth

Question 4

Q

British crippling rural economy

Answer

A

Loss of patronage
Free trade - Charter Act 1833, discriminatory tariffs
Loss of livelihoods - no industrialisation
Impact - peasants, zamindars, artisans

Question 5

Q

Tribal uprisings against British

Answer

A

Santhal Rebellion:permanent settlement Bengal, 1793, heavy taxes, oppression by money lenders, landlords, revenue officials. Sidhu, kanhu - rose against oppressors, declared independence 1854.
Khond Uprising:1837-56; suppress human sacrifice (Mariah), new taxes by the British, influx of Zamindars, money-lenders
Early Munda Uprising:1789-1832- rebellion 7 times against landlords, dikhus, money-lenders; British sided with oppressors
Khasi Uprising:labourers road construction linking Brahmaputra valley-Sylhet passing through Khasi dominated areas - leadership of Tirut Singh. Warfare 4 years, suppressed early 1833
Ahom Revolt:British pledged to withdraw after 1st Burma war (1824-26) Assam but attempted to incorporate Ahoms territories - company’s dominion after war. rebellion in 1828 under Gomdhar Konwar.

Question 6

Q

Consequences of 1857 Revolt

Answer

A

Significant policy changes
1 1858 Act - Crown, Secy, Viceroy, Dual s/m, company rule, direct resp, accountablilty
2 Queen’s proclmn - British paramountcy-single charge; no annexations, exp; recog dignity, rights native rulers; freedom of rel; safeguard old prac, tradn, customs while framing, adminstering law; eq protectn under law; equal opps in gvt services; Still - Indian Civil Services Act, 1861 - higher services preserve of colonisers
3 Army reorgn - forefront; Ind loyalty; inc/dec in no; div-rule - sep units - martial races; away from civilians; Army Amalgmn Scheme 1861; Linked battalion scheme; defunct artillery units; high posts reserved
5 Conservative brand of liberalism, Thomas Metcalf - Victorian reformist zeal; non-interf Ind soc str; Reforms ended; autocratic; asp of ed mid class Ind power –> mod ntnlsm
6 Policy of div-rule - irremediable deterioration; systematic eco loot; expltn of eco
7 Racial hatred and suspicion - worst legacy; master race, white man’s burden phil; pol control,demonstrations, acts of violence

Question 7

Q

Moderate phase (1885-1905)

Answer

A

Foundation - 1st 20 yrs; urge of pol consc to exp pol, eco demands
Objectives - dem ntlst mvmt; pol ed ppl; anti col idlgy; pop dmds- common pol, eco prog
Approach - const ag conf law; 2 pronged mthdlgy; pol connections with Brits; no direct challenge
Contributions - eco crtq-drain th; Legl - exp,reform; Cmpgn gen adm ref; Protcn civil rights
Failure

Question 8

Q

Home Rule Leage Movement (1916-18) - Prevailing conditions

Answer

A

a. War time miseries - High taxation, High prices
b. Dissatisfaction of 1909 GoI Act among leaders
c. Split in Congress
d. Absence of leaders on the field - Tilak imprisoned in Mandalay
e. Overall tepid nationalistic response
f. Divided opinion on whether to support British in WW.

Question 9

Q

Home Rule Leage Movement (1916-18) - Rise

Answer

A

a. Formed as a result of Indian response to WW1, along the lines of Irish HRL
b. Rise in stature of Annie Besant, Tilak’s return from exile
c. Growing calls for solving the Congress split
d. Suppression of Ghadar mutiny created an atmosphere of resentment against British

Question 10

Q

Home Rule Leage Movement (1916-18) - Objectives

Answer

A

a. mssg of self-govt
b. Promote pol edn, disc, agitation for self-govt
c. Build confidence - speak against Brit oppr
d. Demand pol rep for Indians
e. Revive pol activity/maintaining principles of Congress

Question 11

Q

Home Rule Leage Movement (1916-18) - Significance/Impact/Contributions

Answer

A

new dim, sense of urgency
created organizational link b/w town and country
Attracted leaders of INC, AIML
Briefly united Moderates, Extremists, ML
Spread of pol consciousness to more regions
Led to Montague (August) Declaration of 1917 - demand for home rule no longer seditious
Prepared masses for Gandhian style of politics - Idea of Swaraj, self-rule, democratic decentralisation

Question 12

Q

Reasons for launch of Quit India movement

Answer

A

failure of Cripps Mission
1. British assumption of unconditional support
2. anti-British sentiments popularity
3. 2 decades of radical tone mass movement-All India Kisan Sabha, Forward Blocetc.
4. militant outbursts
5. NE frontiers of India. British setbacks; Gandhi
6. war-time difficulties: high prices of ess comm;

Question 13

Q

Quit India Resolution, CWC Bombay, Aug 1942

Answer

A

a. immediate end to British rule over India.
b. Decln of commitment of free Ind to defend itself against all imperialism, fascism.
c. Formation of a provisional govt of India after British withdrawal.
d. Sanctioning a civil disobedience movement against British rule.

Question 14

Q

Significance of Quit India movement

Answer

A

Despite heavy-handed suppression by govt, ppl unfazed, contd struggle.
Even though govt said - independence could be granted only after end of war, mvmnt drove home the point - India could not be governed w/o support of Indians.
placed demand for complete independence top agenda of freedom mvnt.
Public morale, anti-British sentiment enhanced.

Question 15

Q

Women reform mvmnts

Answer

A

mod democratic ideals of west; deep pride traditions + sacred text;

anti-sati campaign -Regulation of 1829
widow remarriage movement - Hindu Widows Remarriage Act, 1856, cited Vedic texts in support; Ranade, Bombay; Sanskritisation
Preventing female infanticide - Bengali, Rajputs; Bengal reglns 1795, 1804; 1870 Act
Controlling child marriage- BM Malabari - Age of Consent Act 1891 - forbade mrrg of girls <12; Sarda Act 1930 - incr mrrg age 14 to 18
Girl’s edn - Wood’s Despatch on Edn
attack on caste, gender oppr - Jyotiba Phule
social reform mvmt in Islam - Sir Syed Ahmed Khan, to reform Muslim society.
Early feminist visions emerged
women’s rights part of nationalist vision. 1931, Karachi Session of INC issued a decln on FR of Citizenship in India - women’s equality.

Question 16

Q

1857 Revolt - Introduction

Answer

A

Battle of Plassey, EIC pol pwr inc
End of 18th cent, Brit dominant pwr in Ind
Dislocn soc-cul, eco, pol life of native ppl
Resentment manifested - rebellions

Question 17

Q

1857 - Political religious movements

Answer

A

Sanyasi Uprising:restrictions imposed on pilgrims visiting holy places. raided English factories, collected contributions from towns –> series of conflicts.

Pagal Panthis:Leaders, Tipu - religious, political motives; cause of tenants against oppr of Zamindars.

Wahabi Movement:Revivalist movement to purify Islam, eliminating all un-Islamic practices crept into Muslim society. Offered most serious, well-planned challenge to British supremacy.

Faraizi Revolt:supported cause of tenants against landlords, British govt.

Kuka Revolt:Started out religious purification in Sikhism; under Ram Singh, acquired political overtone established aim of restoring Sikh rule in Punjab, ousting foreign powers

Question 18

Q

Subash Chandra Bose

Answer

A

Pol leadership
Work with other nations
Women’s involvement
Mass mobilisation
Role of youth

Question 19

Q

Significance of Swadeshi, boycott movements

Answer

A

1st 20th cent mvmnt- mass participation ntlst politics.
1st time, women - out of homes, processions, picketingof foreign-made goods shops.
changed character of INC - main agenda now being set by the ‘ Extremists ‘ - Congress’ 1906 Calcutta session’s call for ‘ Swaraj ‘ or self - govt
ideas of non - coopn, passive resistance, successfully applied many years later by Gandhi, found their origin here

Question 20

Q

End of Swadeshi mvmnt

Answer

A

seeds of communalism sown deep into India’s social fabric- mvmnt unable to gain support from Muslim masses, esp Muslim peasantry- large parts of Bengal, inverse class relationship with Hindu zamindars.
By mid-1908, mass character nearly ended, repression full force. Student participants expelled from govt schools, colleges at public meetings, processions banned. press -severe controls. police to break up public meetings
Congress split Surat session in 1907, further weakened it
Govt moved quickly against leaders- Ashwini Kumar Dutt, Krishna Kumar Mitra, Lokmanya Tilak, Ajit Singh, Lajpat Rai, Chidambaram Pillai- leaderless. Bipin Chandra Pal retired from politics with Aurobindo Ghosh.

Question 21

Q

Swadeshi, Boycott movement

Answer

A

August 7, 1905 in Bengal. direct conseq of Curzon’s
2 main goals.
Div of Bengal / Bengali intelligentsia
protest techniques adopted by moderate nationalist leaders. Surendranath Banerjea, Krishna Kumar Mitra, scope, diff strategy.
Manchester cloth, salt from Liverpool. Barisal dist,
greatest visible success - practical and popular level.
corps of volunteers (samitis). Ashwini Kumar Dutt,- Swadesh Bandhab Samiti
Shivaji, Ganapati festivals
Atmasakti- field of national edn; entrepreneurial zeal

Question 22

Q

Swarajists, no-changers background

Answer

A

Post withdrawal of NCM, Gandhi’s arrest (March 1922) –> disintegration, disorganization, demoralization among nationalist ranks. Congressmen debate - what now during transition/ passive phase of mvnt.
Danger of mvmnt lapsing into passivity. Many question wisdom of Gandhian strategy. Others looking for ways out of the impasse.

Question 23

Q

Swarajists

Answer

A

A section - C.R. Das, Motilal Nehru - end to boycott of LC - nationalists enter, expose basic weaknesses of assemblies; councils as an arena of pol struggle to arouse popular enthusiasm. NC should be carried into them to wreck reforms from within, end or mend these councils- Swarajists
a. necessary to fill temporary political void.
b. To keep up the morale of the politicized Indians and enthuse the people.
c. By joining the councils, Congress could prevent govt from stuffing the council with undesirable elements and getting legitimacy for their laws.

Question 24

Q

No changers

Answer

A

Orthodox Gandhians - C. Rajagopalachari, Patel, Rajendra Prasad - No-changers. opposed council entry, advoc conc on constructive work, contin of boycott, NC, quiet prepn for resumption of suspended CD prog.

	a. parliamentary work --> neglect of constructive and other work among the masses.
	b. loss of revolutionary zeal; political corruption.
	c. legislators go into the councils aim of wrecking, gradually give up the politics of obstruction.
	d. get sucked into the imperial constitutional framework, start cooperating with the Govt on petty reforms, piecemeal legislation.
            e. Constructive work among the masses, on the other hand, would prepare them for the next round of civil disobedience

Question 25

Q

Congress Khilafat Swaraj Party

Answer

A

No consensus b/w No changers - congress to follow Gandhi’s constructive prog/ Swarajists constructive prog coupled with a political prog of council-entry -Dec 1922 Gaya Session of Congress.
1. Outvoted C.R. Das - Congress-Khilafat Swaraj Party/Swaraj Party- 31 Dec, 1922
2. engaged in a fierce controversy. To avoid repetition of Disastrous Surat split, 1907 - mutual accomdn- need for unity
  a. Both sides realized imp of mass mvmnts outside legislature to compel govt to meet ntlst demand.
  b. Both groups accepted the essentiality of Gandhiji’s leadership.
  compromise reached - spl session of Cong, Delhi Sept 1923.
  c. Swarajists allowed to contest

Question 26

Q

Theory of Drain of wealth - phases

Answer

A

Brit arrival 1612- real interference in the Indian polity and economy started in 1757.
The economic policies, effects on economy of India - 3 phases.
• 1st phase -mercantilism- Battle of Plassey in 1757 till 1813. marked by DoW, direct colonial plunder by the EIC through monopoly in trade, policies. beginning of colonial exploitation
• 2nd phase -free industrial capitalism, 1813 - 1858. deindustrialisation, ruralization, commercialisation of Indian agriculture. economy of India into a market for British goods, supplier of raw materials.
• 3rd phases -financial capitalism. closing years of 19th cent - till independence. finance imperialism through managing agency forms, Export-Import firms, exchange banks etc.

Question 27

Q

Phases of British economic policies in India

Answer

A

Brit arrival 1612; real interference - polity, economy started in 1757 –> degradation of Ind polity, economy
economic policies

3 phases.
• 1st phase -mercantilism- Battle of Plassey in 1757 till 1813.
○ DoW, EIC - monopoly in trade; beginning of colonial expltn, Pol ctrl
• 2nd phase -free industrial capitalism, 1813 - 1858.
○ deindustrialisation, ruralization, commercialisation of Indian agri.
○ economy of India into a market for British goods, supplier of raw materials.
• 3rd phases -financial capitalism. 19th cent end - independence.
○ finance imperialism through managing agency forms, Export-Import firms, exchange banks etc.

Question 28

Q

Phase of mercantilism

Answer

A

Monopoly in trade - India, East Indies. The other Indian powers were unable to regulate, control advancements of EIC in India. freehand to plunder in India during this period of mercantilism.
1. Battle of Plassey in 1757 - BoPwr - EIC acquired pol power Bengal, S India –> secure max goods, min payment. victory BoPlassey, later pol successes - gaining profits. excellence in military, pol diplomacy, unmatched.
2. land revenue for huge profits. 1793, permanent settlement; Huge surpluses repatriated to England. - permanent settlement, Cornwallis in 1793 - drain of land revenue to Britain. hardships, expltn of rural economy
3. wealth extorted frm Ind merchants, zamindars. 1765-70, EIC repatriated 33% total revenue in the form of goods.
4. forced Indian artisans to sell at cheap rates, economically unviable; adopt agriculture.

Question 29

Q

Impact of British Mercantilism Policy on Indian Polity and Economy

Answer

A

a. R.P. Dutt, Pandit Nehru - seeds of capitalist devlpnt in India, destroyed, robbed by British. 2nd half of 18th cent British needed huge investment in its industries, fulfilled by plunder, drain of wealth from India –> extreme expltn
b. revenue policies - permanent settlement etc –> long chain of intermediaries, land revenue system very exploitative for the peasantry. resources of peasants helped process of industrialisation in Britain.
c. monopoly in trade, price control –> ruin of artisans.
d. no major initiative for development of agricultural, industrial production, transport, commn, edn etc.

Question 30

Q

Phase of free trade/industrial capitalism

Answer

A

coincided industrial revolution, England (1813 -1858) by capital drained out of India. new capitalist class - benefited frm colonial admn, policies–> monopoly of EIC removed
1. Charter act of 1813; Indian supplier of raw materials for British m/c based industries. hefty import duties–> Britain workshop of the world
2. laying of Railways, opened int markets of India for British goods. –> deindustrialisation of rural industries and expltn of economy of India. encouraged by emergence of a unified national market, growth, spread of money economy, improvements in commn systems, railways, roads, growth in the internal trade and increase in international trade due to capital investments by Europeans etc.
3. Commercialisation of agriculture: raw material exports - oil, jute, cotton etc. for Brit industries, Brits acquire land, setup as planters in India. invested in Indigo, rubber, coffee, tea plantation in India. Merciless expltn- Indigo workers Bengal. food crops replaced by commercial crops- more remunerative value.

Question 31

Q

Impacts of Phase of free trade/industrial capitalism - Deindustrialisation, Ruralisation, commercialisation

Answer

A

i. largest exporter of textile goods –> market for Manchester goods, supplier of raw Materials. systematic, calculated, intense expltn than the 1st phase of mercantilist plunder of India.
ii. destruction of Indian manufacturing industries; ensured a growing market for British mfd goods.
iii. Artisans, weavers–> agriculture. Deindustrialisation, decline of tradl cities–> ruralization of India.
iv. price fluctuations intl markets badly hit the farmers; prices increased, intermediaries benefited. Eg: rise in prices of cotton, 1860 intermediaries benefited; price slump after 1866, heavy indebtedness, famines, agrarian revolts
v. The high expenditure on the army, the salary of Britishers were ultimately borne by Indian taxpayers esp peasants.
vi. self-sufficiency of village community mortal blow. union of agriculture, industry disintegrated, India forcibly converted into an agricultural colony of British capitalism.
purchasing power of Indians fell drastically; per capita income, Britain grew.

Question 32

Q

Phase of British Economic Policy - Finance Capitalism

Answer

A

2nd half 19th cent, several European Nations industrialise themselves. to compete Britain large investments in India - rail, road, Postal System, banking s/m etc.
1. increased foreign investment in India due to cheap labour, cheap raw materials, mkt in India, neighbourhood areas, good profits in India. Brit govt all help. The capital plundered from India, reinvested in the form of debt in various sectors.
  1. Large foreign capitalist investments in railways- ultimately paid by Indian taxpayers/ benefits to British

Question 33

Q

Impacts of Finance Capitalism on India

Answer

A

i. Higher taxation
ii. Around 97% of British capital Investments in India before WW1 was in the administration, plantation, transport, and finance. The main motive was commercial penetration of India and its exploitation.
iii. Finance capitalism and other policies of British did not allow the rise of modern Industries as had happened in other European countries.

Question 34

Q

Development of Modern Industry in India

Answer

A

• Initially, British exports to India did not allow the rise of modern machine based industries in India. It was only in the latter half of 19th century they began to start in India.
• The first cotton textile mill began in Bombay in 1853, which was set up by Cowasjee Nanabhoy Daver. The first Jute mill was set up in Rishra (Bengal) in 1855.
• The Indian owned Industries like jute and cotton textiles were established in the second half of 19th century, while the iron and steel, cement, sugar etc. came in the 20th century.
• Lack of sufficient technical manpower in India due to the neglect of technical education in India which retarded the healthy growth of Indian Industries.
• The Indian owned Industries had to face unequal competition from the foreign companies and strong opposition from the foreign capitalist interests.
Further due to colonial factors the core and heavy industries wear neglected. Also, there were regional disparities in the industrial development which hampered the nation-building process.

Question 35

Q

Response/impact of Quit India movement

Answer

A

arrested; leaders; INC
1. Over 100,000 ppl arrested- mass floggings, lathi charge
2. people responded to Gandhi’s call; absence of leadership- stray incidences of violence, damage to govt property
3. Oppn from ML, CPI, Hindu Mahasabha. -
4. SC Bose;C Rajagopalachari
5. Indian bureaucracy largely did not support mvement.
6. parallel govts- Ballia, Tamluk, Satara.
  1. Chief areas- UP, Bihar, Maharashtra, Midnapore, Karnataka. lasted till 1944.

Question 36

Q

Decline of Mughals

Answer

A

1 Aurangzeb’s policies - rel, deccan policies antagonised Rajputs, Sikhs, jats, marathas; depleted milt, fin resouces- long war in Deccan; emperor away frm capital
2 Institutions of Mughal state -
• powerful mansabdars;
• subadars
• Pwrful chieftains
• Shifting alleigiance of zamindars; Peasant-zamindari rebellions;
3 Jagirdari crisis
4 Weak successors after Aurangzeb - empire - personal despotism; puppets of Irani or Turani factions
5 Ext invasions, No upgradation of Army, e - plundering, foreign invasions, plunder - Nadir Shah, Abdali
6 Str of Mughal nobility leading to factions - degeneration of nobles, rulers
7 Defective law of succession - wars, no law of primogeniture, fostered partisanship at the cost of patriotism
8 Rise of Marathas
9 Periphery became strong - vast empire diff to ctrl; Challenged by regional competitors, who began to seize economic resouces of region; Gradual shifting of pol, eco authority into hands of prov govrs, local chieftains, grps; Regional aspirations - rise, estb of Awadh, hyd, bengal, mysore, rajput states, etc accelerated process of disintegration
10 Advent of Europeans - interference in native politics
11 Eco decline - endless wars, stagnation of agri, decline - trade, industry, emptied royal treasury

Question 37

Q

Portuguese European power

Answer

A

European era - 15th cent renaissance
Emergence of naval power
Canons- use/threat- monopoly of trade
16th cent Malabar - military innovations - guns, drilling artillery, body armour, matchlock men
Improved systems and techniques at sea - piolting, mapping, dockyard, maintenance, multidecked ships
Teaching, patrons - painting, carving, sculpture, arch

Question 38

Q

Anglo-French Rivalry

Answer

A

Comm interests
pol int - Europe, S Ind
Aust war of succ —-> 7 yrs war

Question 39

Q

1st Carnatic war

Answer

A

1740-48

5 pts Zoho notepad

Question 40

Q

2nd Carnatic war

Answer

A

1749-54

Concl/agreement

Question 41

Q

3rd Carnatic war

Answer

A

1758-63

7 pts

Question 42

Q

English success v/s French failure

Question 43

Q

Reasons for English success

Answer

A

Supreme European pwr in 18th cent

Structure and nature of trading Company
Naval superiority
Industrial revolution
Military skill and discipline
Stable govt
Lesser zeal for religion
Use of debt market

Question 44

Q

Why Panipat?

Answer

A

Strategic location - NW invasions - Rajasthan desert terrain, other Northern regions infested with dense forests
Proximity to Delhi with insulation from danger - transport of essential items for fighters
Flat gnd for cavalry movement
Along Grand Trunk Road by Sher Shah Suri
Duration of monsoon rainfall shorter
Skilled artisans, smiths - warfare

Question 45

Q

18th cent socio-economic conditions

Answer

A

Agriculture
Trade, industry - trade surplus; ship building industry
Status edn
Societal set-up, women, caste, slavery
Dvlpt in art, arch, cul

Question 46

Q

Battle of Plassey - participants

Answer

A

Siraj, Clive, Mir Jafar, Rai Durlabh, Jagat Seth, Omi Chand

Question 47

Q

Battle of Plassey - challenges before Siraj

Answer

A

Rebellious commander Mir Jafar
Alarmed Hindu subject popln
Internal rivals at court
Groing comm activity of British

Question 48

Q

Battle of Plassey - Causes

Question 49

Q

Battle of Plassey - Significance

Question 50

Q

Mir Kasim - Treaty of 1760

Answer

A

Installed in place of Mir Jafar after conspiring with Dutch @ Chinsura
6 pts

Question 51

Q

Reasons for battle of Buxar

Answer

A

Mir Qasim wanted to beindependent, belied british expectations of being a puppet
1. Open defiance of nawab’s authority by not responding to requests of submitting revenue a/cs of bihar
2. Misuse of company’s dastaks/trade permits (exempting specific goods frm payment of duties)
  a. –> loss of tax revenue to nawab
  b. –> unequal competition faced by local merchants vis a vis company merchants
  c. Insisted on prefential treatment in pvt trade of EIC
3. hiredforeign experts to trainhis army, some of whom were in direct conflict with the British.
4. Reorganised bureaucracy
  He treated Indian merchants and English as same, without granting any special privileges for the latter.

Question 52

Q

Course of Battle of Buxar

Answer

A

When the battle broke out in 1763, English gained successive victories atKatwah, Murshidabad, Giria, Sooty and Munger.
1. Mir Kasim fled to Awadh (or Oudh); confederacy with Shuja-Ud-Daulah (Nawab of Awadh) and Shah Alam II (Mughal Emperor). Mir Qasim wanted to recover Bengal from the English.
2. Mir Qasim’s soldiersmet the English army troops directed by Major Munro in 1764.
3. The joint armies of Mir Qasim were defeated by the British.
  The battle of Buxar ended with theTreaty of Allahabadin 1765

Question 53

Q

Result of Battle of Buxar

Answer

A

Mir Qasim, Shuja-Ud-Daula and Shah Alam-II lost the battle on October 22, 1764.
1. Major Hector Munro won a decisive battle and Robert Clive had a major role in that.
2. English became a great power in northern India.
3. Mir Jafar (Nawab of Bengal) handed overdistricts of Midnapore, Burdwan and Chittagong to the English for the maintenance of their army.
4. The English were also permitted duty-free trade in Bengal, except for a duty of two per cent on salt.
5. After the death of Mir Jafar, his minor son, Najimud-Daula, was appointed nawab, but the real power of administration lay in the hands of the naib-subahdar, who could be appointed or dismissed by the English.
6. Clive made political settlements with Emperor Shah Alam II and Shuja-Ud-Daula of Awadh in theTreaty of Allahabad.
7. EIC real masters of Bengal
8. Clive introduced dual s/m of govt - rule of 2 - company (controlled army and revenues) and nawab
  a. Diwani (revenue collection) and nizamat (police and judicial fns) thr right to nominate dpty subahdar under company ctrl
  b. Led to administrative breakdown
  c. Disastrous for ppl of Bengal
  d. Scrapped by W Hastings in 1772
9. Appearance of auth to Ind ruler; sovereign power with company
  Nawab responsible for maintaining peace and order; depended on company for funds and forces

Question 54

Q

1765, Treaty of Allahabad between Robert Clive & Shuja-Ud-Daulah

Answer

A

surrender Allahabad and Kara to Shah Alam II
1. pay Rs 50 lakh to the Company as war indemnity;
2. give Balwant Singh (Zamindar of Banaras) full possession of his estate.
3. After the Battle of Buxar, English did not annex Awadh even after Shuja-Ud-Daulah was defeated because it would have placed the Company under an obligation to protect an extensive land frontier from the Afghan and the Maratha invasions.
4. Shuja-Ud-Daulah became a firm friend of British and made Awadh a buffer state between English and foreign invasions.

Question 55

Q

1765, Treaty of Allahabad between Robert Clive & Shah Alam-II

Answer

A

Shah Alam was commanded to reside at Allahabad which was ceded to him by Shuja-Ud-Daulah under the Company’s protection
1. The emperor had to issue a Farman granting theDiwani of Bengal, Bihar and Orissato the East India Company in lieu of an annual payment of Rs 26 lakh;
2. Shah Alam had to abide by a provision of Rs 53 lakh to the Company in return for theNizamat functions(military defence, police, and administration of justice) of the said provinces.
  madeemperor a useful ‘rubber stamp’ of the Company. Besides, the emperor’s Farman legalised the political gains of the Company in Bengal

Question 56

Q

Threat of Mysore/Wodeyars to English

Answer

A

Proximity with French
Control over rich trade of Malabar coast
Threat to Eng control over Madras

Question 57

Q

Anglo-Mysore war 1

Answer

A

Treaty of Madras, 1769

Question 58

Q

Anglo-Mysore war 2

Answer

A

Treaty of Mangalore, 1782

Question 59

Q

Anglo-Mysore war 3

Answer

A

Treaty of Seringapatam, 1792

Question 60

Q

Anglo-Mysore war 4

Answer

A

Fall of Seringapatam 1799

Question 61

Q

Anglo Maratha war 1 - Course 1775-1782

Answer

A

3rd Peshwa Balaji Baji Rao died in 1761 due to shock after his defeat at the 3rd Battle of Panipat.
1. His son Madhavrao I succeeded; recovered some of the lost power, territories
2. The English were aware of the growing Maratha power.
3. Madhavrao I died - tussle for power in the Maratha camp. brother Narayanrao became the Peshwa but his uncle Raghunathrao wanted to become the Peshwa.sought the help of the English
4. Treaty of Surat in 1775 signed - Raghunathrao ceded Salsette and Bassein to the English in return given 2500 soldiers.
5. The British, army of Raghunathrao attacked Peshwa and won.
6. The British Calcutta Council underWarren Hastingsannulled this treaty; new Treaty of Purandhar was signed in 1776 b/w the Calcutta Council and Nana Phadnavis, a Maratha minister.
7. Accordingly, Raghunathrao was given a pension only and Salsette was retained by the British.
8. But the British establishment at Bombay violated this treaty and sheltered Raghunathrao.
9. In 1777, Nana Phadnavis went against his treaty with Calcutta Council, granted a port on the west coast to the French.
10. British force towards Pune. battle at Wadgaon - Marathas under Mahadji Shinde secured a decisive victory
11. The English were forced to sign the Treaty of Wadgaon in 1779.
  series of battles at the end of which the Treaty of Salbai, 1782. This ended the first Anglo-Maratha war.

Question 62

Q

Anglo Maratha war 1 Results 1775-1782

Answer

A

EIC retained Salsette and Broach.
1. obtained a guarantee from the Marathas to retake their possessions in the Deccan from Hyder Ali of Mysore.
2. The Marathas also promised that they would not grant any more territories to the French.
3. Raghunathrao was to receive a pension of Rs.3 lakh every year.
4. All territories taken by the British after the Treaty of Purandhar were ceded back to the Marathas.
  The English accepted Madhavrao II (son of Narayanrao) as the Peshwa.

Question 63

Q

Anglo Maratha war 2 Course 1803-1805

Answer

A

Tipu Sultan’s Mysore captured in 1799, Marathas only major Indian power outside British domination.
1. Maratha Confederacy consisted of 5 major chiefs, the Peshwas at Pune, the Gaekwads at Baroda, the Holkars at Indore, the Scindias at Gwalior and Bhonsles at Nagpur.
2. internal squabbles.
3. Baji Rao II (son of Raghunathrao) installed as Peshwa after death of Madhavrao II.
4. Battle of Poona in 1802, Yashwantrao Holkar, the chief of the Holkars of Indore defeated the Peshwas and the Scindias.
5. Baji Rao II - British protection - signed Treaty of Bassein
6. ceded territory to the British and agreed to the maintenance of British troops there.
7. Scindias, Bhonsles did not accept this treaty; caused 2nd Anglo-Maratha war in central India in 1803.
  1. Holkars also joined the battle against the English at a later stage.

Question 64

Q

Anglo Maratha war 2 Results 1803-1805

Answer

A

All the Maratha forces were defeated by the British in these battles.
1. Scindias signed the Treaty of Surji-Anjangaon in 1803 -British got territories of Rohtak, Ganga-Yamuna Doab, Gurgaon, Delhi Agra region, Broach, some districts in Gujarat, parts of Bundelkhand and Ahmadnagar fort.
2. Bhonsles- Treaty of Deogaon in 1803 - English acquired Cuttack, Balasore, area west of Wardha River.
3. Holkars Treaty of Rajghat in 1805 acc to which they gave up Tonk, Bundi and Rampura to the British.
4. As a result of the war, large parts of central India came under British control.

Answer 62

A

Background and course

1. Marathas made one last attempt to rebuild their old prestige.
2. retake all their old possessions from the English.
3. unhappy with the British residents’ interference in their internal matters.
4. chief reason - British conflict with Pindaris - British suspected were being protected by the Marathas.
5. The Maratha chiefs Peshwa Bajirao II, Malharrao Holkar and Mudhoji II Bhonsle forged a united front against the English.
6. Daulatrao Shinde, the fourth major Maratha chief was pressured diplomatically to stay away.

Answer 63

A

Treaty of Gwalior, 1817 b/w Shinde - though not involved in the war. Rajasthan to the British. Rajas of Rajputana remained the Princely States till 1947 after accepting British sovereignty.
1. Treaty of Mandasor Holkar chief in 1818. An infant was placed on the throne under British
2. Peshwa surrendered in 1818. He was dethroned and pensioned off to a small estate in Bithur (near Kanpur). Most parts of his territory became part of the Bombay Presidency.
3. His adopted son, Nana Saheb became one of the leaders of the Revolt of 1857 at Kanpur.
4. The territories annexed from the Pindaris - Central Provinces under British India.
5. end of the Maratha Empire, powers surrendered to the British.
6. An obscure descendant of Chhatrapati Shivaji was placed as the ceremonial head of the Maratha Confederacy at Satara.
7. one of the last major wars fought, won by British –> controlled most parts of India barring Punjab and Sindh directly or indirectly.

Answer 64

A

Reasons for Maratha Loss

1. Inept leadership - despotic
2. Defective nature of Maratha state - no organic relationship b/w ppl and state; Lack of good relations with other Indian princes and ruling dynasties.
3. Loose political set-up - hostility, infighting, no coopn spirit, Lack of unity among the Maratha chiefs
4. Inferior military s/m - techniques, discipline, treachery
5. Unstable economic policy - no industries, foreign trade
6. Superior english diplomacy, espionage - Failure to understand British political and diplomatic strengths.
    7. Progressive english outlook - spy s/m; riddled with old dogmas, traditions

Answer 65

A

Ring Fence policy
Subsidiary alliance
Doctrine of lapse

Answer 66

A

Notepad 4/8; Old ncert bipan chandra

Answer 67

A

1885-1905

Answer 68

A

polity

brit possessions

Answer 69

A

revenue admn | jud fns

Answer 70

A

End of trade monopoly

Answer 71

A

sepn of pwrs

Answer 72

A

Decentralisation initiated;

Repn of non-officials in legl bodies

Answer 73

A

Minor reforms after Moderates’ demand - expn, reform of councils;
Budget introduced in 1860

Answer 74

A

Realising true nature of British
Growth of self respect and confidence
Spread of edn
Intl events
Reaction to Increasing Westernisation
Dissatisfaction with Moderates
Reactionary policies of Curzon
Emergence of a militant school of thought
Emergence of a trained leadership

Answer 75

A

1.
2.
3.
4.

Answer 76

A

Seditious Meetings Act 1907
Indian Newspapers Act 1908
Criminal Law Amndt Act 1908
Indian Press Act 1910

Answer 77

A

▪️1798 NIZAM of Hyd
▪️1799 Mysore
          Tanjore
▪️1801 Awadh 
▪️1802 Peshwa 
▪️1803 Bhonsle of Berar
▪️1804 Scindia 
▪️1818 Holkar

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