Modern India Flashcards

Question

Congress Khilafat Swaraj Party

Answer 1

5. No consensus b/w No changers - congress to follow Gandhi's constructive prog/ Swarajists constructive prog coupled with a political prog of council-entry -Dec 1922 Gaya Session of Congress. 6. Outvoted C.R. Das - Congress-Khilafat Swaraj Party/Swaraj Party- 31 Dec, 1922 7. engaged in a fierce controversy. To avoid repetition of Disastrous Surat split, 1907 - mutual accomdn- need for unity a. Both sides realized imp of mass mvmnts outside legislature to compel govt to meet ntlst demand. b. Both groups accepted the essentiality of Gandhiji's leadership. compromise reached - spl session of Cong, Delhi Sept 1923. c. Swarajists allowed to contest

Answer 2

Brit arrival 1612- real interference in the Indian polity and economy started in 1757. The economic policies, effects on economy of India - 3 phases. • 1st phase - mercantilism - Battle of Plassey in 1757 till 1813. marked by DoW, direct colonial plunder by the EIC through monopoly in trade, policies. beginning of colonial exploitation • 2nd phase - free industrial capitalism, 1813 - 1858. deindustrialisation, ruralization, commercialisation of Indian agriculture. economy of India into a market for British goods, supplier of raw materials. • 3rd phases - financial capitalism. closing years of 19th cent - till independence. finance imperialism through managing agency forms, Export-Import firms, exchange banks etc.

Answer 3

Brit arrival 1612; real interference - polity, economy started in 1757 --> degradation of Ind polity, economy economic policies 3 phases. • 1st phase - mercantilism - Battle of Plassey in 1757 till 1813. ○ DoW, EIC - monopoly in trade; beginning of colonial expltn, Pol ctrl • 2nd phase - free industrial capitalism, 1813 - 1858. ○ deindustrialisation, ruralization, commercialisation of Indian agri. ○ economy of India into a market for British goods, supplier of raw materials. • 3rd phases - financial capitalism. 19th cent end - independence. ○ finance imperialism through managing agency forms, Export-Import firms, exchange banks etc.

Answer 4

1. Monopoly in trade - India, East Indies. The other Indian powers were unable to regulate, control advancements of EIC in India. freehand to plunder in India during this period of mercantilism. 2. Battle of Plassey in 1757 - BoPwr - EIC acquired pol power Bengal, S India --> secure max goods, min payment. victory BoPlassey, later pol successes - gaining profits. excellence in military, pol diplomacy, unmatched. 3. land revenue for huge profits. 1793, permanent settlement; Huge surpluses repatriated to England. - permanent settlement, Cornwallis in 1793 - drain of land revenue to Britain. hardships, expltn of rural economy 4. wealth extorted frm Ind merchants, zamindars. 1765-70, EIC repatriated 33% total revenue in the form of goods. 5. forced Indian artisans to sell at cheap rates, economically unviable; adopt agriculture.

Answer 5

a. R.P. Dutt, Pandit Nehru - seeds of capitalist devlpnt in India, destroyed, robbed by British. 2nd half of 18th cent British needed huge investment in its industries, fulfilled by plunder, drain of wealth from India --> extreme expltn b. revenue policies - permanent settlement etc --> long chain of intermediaries, land revenue system very exploitative for the peasantry. resources of peasants helped process of industrialisation in Britain. c. monopoly in trade, price control --> ruin of artisans. d. no major initiative for development of agricultural, industrial production, transport, commn, edn etc.

Answer 6

1. coincided industrial revolution, England (1813 -1858) by capital drained out of India. new capitalist class - benefited frm colonial admn, policies--> monopoly of EIC removed 2. Charter act of 1813; Indian supplier of raw materials for British m/c based industries. hefty import duties--> Britain workshop of the world 3. laying of Railways, opened int markets of India for British goods. --> deindustrialisation of rural industries and expltn of economy of India. encouraged by emergence of a unified national market, growth, spread of money economy, improvements in commn systems, railways, roads, growth in the internal trade and increase in international trade due to capital investments by Europeans etc. 4. Commercialisation of agriculture: raw material exports - oil, jute, cotton etc. for Brit industries, Brits acquire land, setup as planters in India. invested in Indigo, rubber, coffee, tea plantation in India. Merciless expltn- Indigo workers Bengal. food crops replaced by commercial crops- more remunerative value.

Answer 7

i. largest exporter of textile goods --> market for Manchester goods, supplier of raw Materials. systematic, calculated, intense expltn than the 1st phase of mercantilist plunder of India. ii. destruction of Indian manufacturing industries; ensured a growing market for British mfd goods. iii. Artisans, weavers--> agriculture. Deindustrialisation, decline of tradl cities--> ruralization of India. iv. price fluctuations intl markets badly hit the farmers; prices increased, intermediaries benefited. Eg: rise in prices of cotton, 1860 intermediaries benefited; price slump after 1866, heavy indebtedness, famines, agrarian revolts v. The high expenditure on the army, the salary of Britishers were ultimately borne by Indian taxpayers esp peasants. vi. self-sufficiency of village community mortal blow. union of agriculture, industry disintegrated, India forcibly converted into an agricultural colony of British capitalism. purchasing power of Indians fell drastically; per capita income, Britain grew.

Answer 8

1. 2nd half 19th cent, several European Nations industrialise themselves. to compete Britain large investments in India - rail, road, Postal System, banking s/m etc. 2. increased foreign investment in India due to cheap labour, cheap raw materials, mkt in India, neighbourhood areas, good profits in India. Brit govt all help. The capital plundered from India, reinvested in the form of debt in various sectors. 3. Large foreign capitalist investments in railways- ultimately paid by Indian taxpayers/ benefits to British

Answer 9

i. Higher taxation ii. Around 97% of British capital Investments in India before WW1 was in the administration, plantation, transport, and finance. The main motive was commercial penetration of India and its exploitation. iii. Finance capitalism and other policies of British did not allow the rise of modern Industries as had happened in other European countries.

Answer 10

• Initially, British exports to India did not allow the rise of modern machine based industries in India. It was only in the latter half of 19th century they began to start in India. • The first cotton textile mill began in Bombay in 1853, which was set up by Cowasjee Nanabhoy Daver. The first Jute mill was set up in Rishra (Bengal) in 1855. • The Indian owned Industries like jute and cotton textiles were established in the second half of 19th century, while the iron and steel, cement, sugar etc. came in the 20th century. • Lack of sufficient technical manpower in India due to the neglect of technical education in India which retarded the healthy growth of Indian Industries. • The Indian owned Industries had to face unequal competition from the foreign companies and strong opposition from the foreign capitalist interests. Further due to colonial factors the core and heavy industries wear neglected. Also, there were regional disparities in the industrial development which hampered the nation-building process.

Answer 11

1. arrested; leaders; INC 2. Over 100,000 ppl arrested- mass floggings, lathi charge 3. people responded to Gandhi’s call; absence of leadership- stray incidences of violence, damage to govt property 4. Oppn from ML, CPI, Hindu Mahasabha. - 5. SC Bose;C Rajagopalachari 6. Indian bureaucracy largely did not support mvement. 7. parallel govts- Ballia, Tamluk, Satara. 8. Chief areas- UP, Bihar, Maharashtra, Midnapore, Karnataka. lasted till 1944.

Answer 12

1 Aurangzeb's policies - rel, deccan policies antagonised Rajputs, Sikhs, jats, marathas; depleted milt, fin resouces- long war in Deccan; emperor away frm capital 2 Institutions of Mughal state - • powerful mansabdars; • subadars • Pwrful chieftains • Shifting alleigiance of zamindars; Peasant-zamindari rebellions; 3 Jagirdari crisis 4 Weak successors after Aurangzeb - empire - personal despotism; puppets of Irani or Turani factions 5 Ext invasions, No upgradation of Army, e - plundering, foreign invasions, plunder - Nadir Shah, Abdali 6 Str of Mughal nobility leading to factions - degeneration of nobles, rulers 7 Defective law of succession - wars, no law of primogeniture, fostered partisanship at the cost of patriotism 8 Rise of Marathas 9 Periphery became strong - vast empire diff to ctrl; Challenged by regional competitors, who began to seize economic resouces of region; Gradual shifting of pol, eco authority into hands of prov govrs, local chieftains, grps; Regional aspirations - rise, estb of Awadh, hyd, bengal, mysore, rajput states, etc accelerated process of disintegration 10 Advent of Europeans - interference in native politics 11 Eco decline - endless wars, stagnation of agri, decline - trade, industry, emptied royal treasury

Answer 13

1. European era - 15th cent renaissance 2. Emergence of naval power 3. Canons- use/threat- monopoly of trade 4. 16th cent Malabar - military innovations - guns, drilling artillery, body armour, matchlock men 5. Improved systems and techniques at sea - piolting, mapping, dockyard, maintenance, multidecked ships 6. Teaching, patrons - painting, carving, sculpture, arch

Answer 14

Comm interests pol int - Europe, S Ind Aust war of succ ----> 7 yrs war

Answer 15

1740-48 | 5 pts Zoho notepad

Answer 16

1749-54 Concl/agreement

Answer 17

1758-63 | 7 pts

Answer 18

Supreme European pwr in 18th cent 1. Structure and nature of trading Company 2. Naval superiority 3. Industrial revolution 4. Military skill and discipline 5. Stable govt 6. Lesser zeal for religion 7. Use of debt market

Answer 19

1. Strategic location - NW invasions - Rajasthan desert terrain, other Northern regions infested with dense forests 2. Proximity to Delhi with insulation from danger - transport of essential items for fighters 3. Flat gnd for cavalry movement 4. Along Grand Trunk Road by Sher Shah Suri 5. Duration of monsoon rainfall shorter 6. Skilled artisans, smiths - warfare

Answer 20

1. Agriculture 2. Trade, industry - trade surplus; ship building industry 3. Status edn 4. Societal set-up, women, caste, slavery 5. Dvlpt in art, arch, cul

Answer 21

Siraj, Clive, Mir Jafar, Rai Durlabh, Jagat Seth, Omi Chand

Answer 22

1. Rebellious commander Mir Jafar 2. Alarmed Hindu subject popln 3. Internal rivals at court 4. Groing comm activity of British

Answer 23

Installed in place of Mir Jafar after conspiring with Dutch @ Chinsura 6 pts

Answer 24

1. Mir Qasim wanted to be independent, belied british expectations of being a puppet 2. Open defiance of nawab's authority by not responding to requests of submitting revenue a/cs of bihar 3. Misuse of company's dastaks/trade permits (exempting specific goods frm payment of duties) a. --> loss of tax revenue to nawab b. --> unequal competition faced by local merchants vis a vis company merchants c. Insisted on prefential treatment in pvt trade of EIC 4. hired foreign experts to train his army, some of whom were in direct conflict with the British. 5. Reorganised bureaucracy He treated Indian merchants and English as same, without granting any special privileges for the latter.

Answer 25

1. When the battle broke out in 1763, English gained successive victories at Katwah, Murshidabad, Giria, Sooty and Munger. 2. Mir Kasim fled to Awadh (or Oudh); confederacy with Shuja-Ud-Daulah (Nawab of Awadh) and Shah Alam II (Mughal Emperor). Mir Qasim wanted to recover Bengal from the English. 3. Mir Qasim’s soldiers met the English army troops directed by Major Munro in 1764. 4. The joint armies of Mir Qasim were defeated by the British. The battle of Buxar ended with the Treaty of Allahabad in 1765

Answer 26

1. Mir Qasim, Shuja-Ud-Daula and Shah Alam-II lost the battle on October 22, 1764. 2. Major Hector Munro won a decisive battle and Robert Clive had a major role in that. 3. English became a great power in northern India. 4. Mir Jafar (Nawab of Bengal) handed over districts of Midnapore, Burdwan and Chittagong to the English for the maintenance of their army. 5. The English were also permitted duty-free trade in Bengal, except for a duty of two per cent on salt. 6. After the death of Mir Jafar, his minor son, Najimud-Daula, was appointed nawab, but the real power of administration lay in the hands of the naib-subahdar, who could be appointed or dismissed by the English. 7. Clive made political settlements with Emperor Shah Alam II and Shuja-Ud-Daula of Awadh in the Treaty of Allahabad. 8. EIC real masters of Bengal 9. Clive introduced dual s/m of govt - rule of 2 - company (controlled army and revenues) and nawab a. Diwani (revenue collection) and nizamat (police and judicial fns) thr right to nominate dpty subahdar under company ctrl b. Led to administrative breakdown c. Disastrous for ppl of Bengal d. Scrapped by W Hastings in 1772 10. Appearance of auth to Ind ruler; sovereign power with company Nawab responsible for maintaining peace and order; depended on company for funds and forces

Answer 27

1. surrender Allahabad and Kara to Shah Alam II 2. pay Rs 50 lakh to the Company as war indemnity; 3. give Balwant Singh (Zamindar of Banaras) full possession of his estate. 4. After the Battle of Buxar, English did not annex Awadh even after Shuja-Ud-Daulah was defeated because it would have placed the Company under an obligation to protect an extensive land frontier from the Afghan and the Maratha invasions. 5. Shuja-Ud-Daulah became a firm friend of British and made Awadh a buffer state between English and foreign invasions.

Answer 28

1. Shah Alam was commanded to reside at Allahabad which was ceded to him by Shuja-Ud-Daulah under the Company’s protection 2. The emperor had to issue a Farman granting the Diwani of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa to the East India Company in lieu of an annual payment of Rs 26 lakh; 3. Shah Alam had to abide by a provision of Rs 53 lakh to the Company in return for the Nizamat functions (military defence, police, and administration of justice) of the said provinces. made emperor a useful ‘rubber stamp’ of the Company. Besides, the emperor’s Farman legalised the political gains of the Company in Bengal

Answer 29

1. Proximity with French 2. Control over rich trade of Malabar coast 3. Threat to Eng control over Madras

Answer 30

Treaty of Madras, 1769

Answer 31

Treaty of Mangalore, 1782

Answer 32

Treaty of Seringapatam, 1792

Answer 33

Fall of Seringapatam 1799

Answer 34

1. 3rd Peshwa Balaji Baji Rao died in 1761 due to shock after his defeat at the 3rd Battle of Panipat. 2. His son Madhavrao I succeeded; recovered some of the lost power, territories 3. The English were aware of the growing Maratha power. 4. Madhavrao I died - tussle for power in the Maratha camp. brother Narayanrao became the Peshwa but his uncle Raghunathrao wanted to become the Peshwa. sought the help of the English 5. Treaty of Surat in 1775 signed - Raghunathrao ceded Salsette and Bassein to the English in return given 2500 soldiers. 6. The British, army of Raghunathrao attacked Peshwa and won. 7. The British Calcutta Council under Warren Hastings annulled this treaty; new Treaty of Purandhar was signed in 1776 b/w the Calcutta Council and Nana Phadnavis, a Maratha minister. 8. Accordingly, Raghunathrao was given a pension only and Salsette was retained by the British. 9. But the British establishment at Bombay violated this treaty and sheltered Raghunathrao. 10. In 1777, Nana Phadnavis went against his treaty with Calcutta Council, granted a port on the west coast to the French. 11. British force towards Pune. battle at Wadgaon - Marathas under Mahadji Shinde secured a decisive victory 12. The English were forced to sign the Treaty of Wadgaon in 1779. series of battles at the end of which the Treaty of Salbai, 1782. This ended the first Anglo-Maratha war.

Answer 35

1. EIC retained Salsette and Broach. 2. obtained a guarantee from the Marathas to retake their possessions in the Deccan from Hyder Ali of Mysore. 3. The Marathas also promised that they would not grant any more territories to the French. 4. Raghunathrao was to receive a pension of Rs.3 lakh every year. 5. All territories taken by the British after the Treaty of Purandhar were ceded back to the Marathas. The English accepted Madhavrao II (son of Narayanrao) as the Peshwa.

Answer 36

1. Tipu Sultan’s Mysore captured in 1799, Marathas only major Indian power outside British domination. 2. Maratha Confederacy consisted of 5 major chiefs, the Peshwas at Pune, the Gaekwads at Baroda, the Holkars at Indore, the Scindias at Gwalior and Bhonsles at Nagpur. 3. internal squabbles. 4. Baji Rao II (son of Raghunathrao) installed as Peshwa after death of Madhavrao II. 5. Battle of Poona in 1802, Yashwantrao Holkar, the chief of the Holkars of Indore defeated the Peshwas and the Scindias. 6. Baji Rao II - British protection - signed Treaty of Bassein 7. ceded territory to the British and agreed to the maintenance of British troops there. 8. Scindias, Bhonsles did not accept this treaty; caused 2nd Anglo-Maratha war in central India in 1803. 9. Holkars also joined the battle against the English at a later stage.

Answer 37

1. All the Maratha forces were defeated by the British in these battles. 2. Scindias signed the Treaty of Surji-Anjangaon in 1803 -British got territories of Rohtak, Ganga-Yamuna Doab, Gurgaon, Delhi Agra region, Broach, some districts in Gujarat, parts of Bundelkhand and Ahmadnagar fort. 3. Bhonsles- Treaty of Deogaon in 1803 - English acquired Cuttack, Balasore, area west of Wardha River. 4. Holkars Treaty of Rajghat in 1805 acc to which they gave up Tonk, Bundi and Rampura to the British. 5. As a result of the war, large parts of central India came under British control.

Answer 38

Background and course 1. Marathas made one last attempt to rebuild their old prestige. 2. retake all their old possessions from the English. 3. unhappy with the British residents’ interference in their internal matters. 4. chief reason - British conflict with Pindaris - British suspected were being protected by the Marathas. 5. The Maratha chiefs Peshwa Bajirao II, Malharrao Holkar and Mudhoji II Bhonsle forged a united front against the English. 6. Daulatrao Shinde, the fourth major Maratha chief was pressured diplomatically to stay away.

Answer 39

1. Treaty of Gwalior, 1817 b/w Shinde - though not involved in the war. Rajasthan to the British. Rajas of Rajputana remained the Princely States till 1947 after accepting British sovereignty. 2. Treaty of Mandasor Holkar chief in 1818. An infant was placed on the throne under British 3. Peshwa surrendered in 1818. He was dethroned and pensioned off to a small estate in Bithur (near Kanpur). Most parts of his territory became part of the Bombay Presidency. 4. His adopted son, Nana Saheb became one of the leaders of the Revolt of 1857 at Kanpur. 5. The territories annexed from the Pindaris - Central Provinces under British India. 6. end of the Maratha Empire, powers surrendered to the British. 7. An obscure descendant of Chhatrapati Shivaji was placed as the ceremonial head of the Maratha Confederacy at Satara. 8. one of the last major wars fought, won by British --> controlled most parts of India barring Punjab and Sindh directly or indirectly.

Answer 40

Reasons for Maratha Loss 1. Inept leadership - despotic 2. Defective nature of Maratha state - no organic relationship b/w ppl and state; Lack of good relations with other Indian princes and ruling dynasties. 3. Loose political set-up - hostility, infighting, no coopn spirit, Lack of unity among the Maratha chiefs 4. Inferior military s/m - techniques, discipline, treachery 5. Unstable economic policy - no industries, foreign trade 6. Superior english diplomacy, espionage - Failure to understand British political and diplomatic strengths. 7. Progressive english outlook - spy s/m; riddled with old dogmas, traditions

Answer 41

Ring Fence policy Subsidiary alliance Doctrine of lapse

Answer 42

Notepad 4/8; Old ncert bipan chandra

Answer 43

polity | brit possessions

Answer 44

revenue admn | jud fns

Answer 45

End of trade monopoly

Answer 46

sepn of pwrs

Answer 47

Decentralisation initiated; | Repn of non-officials in legl bodies

Answer 48

Minor reforms after Moderates' demand - expn, reform of councils; Budget introduced in 1860

Answer 49

1. Realising true nature of British 2. Growth of self respect and confidence 3. Spread of edn 4. Intl events 5. Reaction to Increasing Westernisation 6. Dissatisfaction with Moderates 7. Reactionary policies of Curzon 8. Emergence of a militant school of thought 9. Emergence of a trained leadership

Answer 50

1. 2. 3. 4.

Answer 51

Seditious Meetings Act 1907 Indian Newspapers Act 1908 Criminal Law Amndt Act 1908 Indian Press Act 1910

Answer 52

``` ▪️1798 NIZAM of Hyd ▪️1799 Mysore Tanjore ▪️1801 Awadh ▪️1802 Peshwa ▪️1803 Bhonsle of Berar ▪️1804 Scindia ▪️1818 Holkar ```