Art and Culture Flashcards
Indian folk theatre
ccrt + Nitin notes
Indo islamic architecture
notes
Dravida temple arch
notes
Nagara temple arch
notes
Gupta golden age
notes
Mauryan art, arch
notes
Indian classical theatre
ccrt + Nitin notes
Important festivals of Punjab
Teej, Lohri, Basant Panchami, Baisakhi and Hola Mahalla
• Oldest of schools
• Propounder: Kapila muni –> Samkhya sutra
• Dualistic philosophy; Reality = Purusha + Prakriti; Completely independent and absolute
• Purusha is consciousness and unchangeable
• Prakriti constituted of 3 attributes - thought, mvmnt, change of these attributes –> bring change in all objects
• Relationship b/w Purusha and Prakriti explains the creation of universe.
• doctrine of evolution
• RS Sharma
○ Soul can attain liberation only thr real knowledge - obs, inference and words
○ Does not recognise the existence of god
○ World has been created by nature and not god.
SAMKHYA S/M
• Patanjali –> Yogasutra, 2nd cent BC
• Existence of God as a teacher/guide
• Practical philosophy of realising self.
• Release of Purusha from Prakriti, by purifying and controlling changes in mental mechanism
• Attain Mukti by
a. practising self-control (yama),
b. observation of rules (niyama),
c. fixed postures (asana),
d. breath control (pranayama),
e. choosing an object (pratyahara)
f. fixing the mind (dharna),
g. concentrating on the chosen object (dhyana)
h. complete dissolution of self,
i. merging the mind and the object (Samadhi)
YOGA S/M
- Gautama –> Nyaya sutra
- Technique of logical thinking
- Valid knowledge is considered real knowledge
- God creates, sustains and destroys the universe
NYAYA S/M
• Kanada
• Realistic and objective philosophy of universe or Priniciples of reality that constitute the universe.
• God is the guiding principle; Rewarded or punished as per the law of karma
• Aspects of reality - substance, attribute, action, genus, distinct quality and inherence.
• Panchabootha: objects of the universe are composed of five elements–earth, water, air, fire and ether.
• Creation and destruction of universe a cyclic process in accordance with the wishes of God
• Explains formation of universe through atomic theory
Treaty by Prashastapada, 6th cent AD
VAISHESHIKA S/M
- Sutras of Gamini, 3rd cent BC
- Imp ppl: Sabar swami, Kumarila Bhatta
- Vedas are eternal and possess all knowledge; Religion is fulfilment of duties prescribed in Vedas
- According to Jaimini Dharma which is the dispenser of fruits of one’s actions, the law of righteousness
- Lays stress on ritualistic part of Vedas.
- Analysis of (interpretation, application and the use of the text of the Samhita and Brahmana portions of) the Veda
- Encompasses the Nyaya-Vaisheshika systems and emphasizes the concept of valid knowledge
MIMAMSA S/M
• Climax of philosophic thought
• monoistic school of philosophy that believes that the world is unreal and the only reality is Brahman
• 3 sub branches of Vedanta
○ Advaita of Shankaracharya
○ Vishishta Advaita of Ramanujacharya
○ Dvaita of Madhwacharya.
• Philosophy of Upanishad (concluding part of Vedas; direct perception of reality);
• Commentaries by Shankaracharya (Advaita vedanta - non dualism or belief in one reality - ultimate reality is the one and only Brahman), Ramanuja also Advaita scholar
○ Brahman is true, the world is false and self and Brahman are not different,
○ Brahman is existent, unchanging, the highest truth and the ultimate knowledge.
○ No distinction between Brahman and the self.
○ knowledge of Brahman is the essence of all things and the ultimate existence.
• Denied existence of apparent ego
• Vedanta - philosophy and religion
• Diff religions lead to same goal
• Every action to be governed by intellect as mind can make mistakes - access the realm of spirit through the intellect
VEDANTA S/M
- Earliest; Founder: Brihaspati
- Materialistic; Death is the end of humans; No other world; Pleasure is the ultimate object in life.
- God, soul and heaven cannot be perceived.
- Only school that does not recognise soul.
- Mentioned in Vedas and Brihadaranyka Upanishad
- Knowledge as the product of combo of 4 elements - earth, water, fire, air (ether not recognises as it cannot be perceived)
CHARVAKA/LOKAYATA (of the masses) SCHOOL
