PRELIMS Flashcards
- Application of diagnostic, preventive and therapeutic medicine to monitor and improve the management of health conditions.
Medical Technology
- Also known as clinical laboratory science or laboratory medicine.
Medical Technology
Medical Technology is the branch of medicine concerned with the performance of laboratory determinations and analyses used in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases as well as in the maintenance of health.
Anne Fagelson
Medical Technology is the health professions concerned with performing laboratory analyses in view of obtaining information necessary in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases as well as in the maintenance of good health.
Walters
Application of the principles of natural, physical and biological sciences in laboratory procedures to aid in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases.
Ruth Heinemann
Examination of tissues, secretion and excretion of the human body and body fluids by various electronic, chemical, microscopic and other medical laboratory procedures or techniques either manual or automated.
Aid the physician in the diagnosis, study an d treatment of disease and in the promotion of health in general
PMT Act of 1969
- George Eber
- Oldest preserved Egyptian compilation of medical texts
- 110-page long scroll
- 20 meters long
- Contains chapters on contraception, pregnancy, eye and skin problems, surgery, burns and intestinal diseases and parasites.
Ebers Papyrus (1500 B.C.)
- She is a medical technologist who traced the beginning of medical technology when intestinal parasite such as Taenia and Ascaris were first identified
Vivian Herrick
- Oldest lab procedure
- Greeks poured urine on the ground when it attracts insects then the patient is diagnosed with boils.
● Urinalysis
- Father of medicine
- Advocated the use of mind and senses as diagnostic tools
- He described four humors or body fluids in the human body
- 1460 B.C.
● Hippocrates
four humors
a. Blood
b. Phlegm
c. Yellow bile
d. Black bile
above is a whitish layer of WBC = now called the buffy coat.
o Phlegm
dark clot at the bottom
o Black bile
above the clot is a layer of RBC
o Blood
clear yellow serum
yellow bile
- all diseases were due to the disorder of these four humors or body fluids
Central Hippocratic doctrine of humoral pathology
- made the first description of hematuria
Rufus of Ephesus (50 AD)
- due to inability of the kidneys to filter blood.
hematuria
diagnosis by visual examination of urine. (water-casting method-flask)
● Uroscopy
– symbol of medieval medicine
● Urine flask
One of the founders of the origins of nephrology
● Isaac Judeus (Jewish physician and philosopher)
– detailed concepts of urine formation, urine sediments and urine characteristics in relation to disease
- Formulated rules for the use of urine in patient’s diagnosis
Kitab al Baul
who wrote Kitab al Baul
Isaac Judeus (Jewish physician and philosopher)
- Failure of physicians to examine a patient’s urine was punishable by public beatings
● Jerusalem Code of 1090
- Invented the microscope (1590s)
● Zaccharias Janssen and his father Hans
- Believed that MT began from this period as supported by the fact that urinalysis was a fad.
● Ruth Williams (medieval period: 1096-1438)
- Made the “scientific observation” that the urine of certain individuals attracted to ants – such urine have a sweetish taste.
● Hindu Doctors
- Believed that MT started when a prominent Italian doctor at the University of Bolgna employed ____ to perform different task in the lab.
● Anne Fogelson (14th Century)
Alessandra Gillani
- Discovery of the different dyes such a the aniline dyes used in staining microorganisms.
● 15th Century
- Saw bacteria and classified them according to shapes
- Described blood cells, muscle fibers, spermatozoa, protozoa
- Father of Microbiology
● Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632)
- Greatest of the early microscopists
- Blood of patients with plagues contained worms
● Athanasius Kircher (1646)
- His contributions to embryology and anatomy made him known as the “founding father or modern Anatomic Pathology”
● Marcello Malpighi, Italian microscopist (1628-1694)
Introduced the gravimetric analysis of urine by weighing a number of 24-hr urine specimens
Jean Baptiste van Helmont (1577 – 1644)
- Investigated and showed that blood transfusion from one animal to another is possible.
● Richard Lower (1631-1691)
- Observed that protein in the urine precipitated whenboiledwith acetic acid
- Useful diagnostic indicator of proteinuria
● Frederick Dekkers (1694)
presence of protein in urine
proteinuria
- Discovered that plasma could be separated from blood cells when blood clots
William Hewson
o Could be precipitated from the plasma upon application of temperature higher than 50 degree Celsius.
- Coagulable lymph
- Coagulable lymph =
fibrinogen
19th Century – Era of Public Health
- Water treatment
- Pasteurization of milk
- Improvement of hygiene
- Recognized as the father of microscopic pathology
- Founder of Archives (collection of records) of Pathology in Berlin
● Rudolf Virchow
- Studied cholera outbreak in London and brought the situation under control
o How? Due to contaminated water in the broad street pump
● John Snow (1854)
- Studied aerobic and anaerobic bacteria
o (1867) Pasteurization at 55-60 degree C can prevent wine spoiling
o Developed anthrax vaccine (1881)
● Louis Pasteur (1861)
- German physician and microbiologist
- One of the main founders of modern bacteriology
● Heinrich Hermman Robert Koch (1843 – 1910)
- Bacillus anthracis-
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis –
- Vibrio cholerae –
anthrax
TB
cholera
links specific microorganisms to specific diseases that remain today as the “gold standard” in medical laboratory
Koch’s postulate
first hospital laboratory in Britain
o Guys Hospital
first clinical laboratory set up in US
o University of Michigan Hospital
