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PMLS > 4 MIDTERMS - MICROBIO > Flashcards

4 MIDTERMS - MICROBIO Flashcards

1
Q
  • The study of organisms too small to be seen by
    the unaided eye.
A

MICROBIOLOGY

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2
Q
  • Practical application and use of beneficial microorganisms in food processing.
A

FOOD MICROBIOLOGY

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3
Q
  • Examination and identification of organisms
    through laboratory tests.
A

DIAGNOSTIC MICROBIOLOGY

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4
Q
  • Study of microbial pathogens considered
    health threats to people.
A

CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY

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5
Q

– Study of parasites

A
  • PARASITOLOGY
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6
Q

– Study of bacteria

A
  • BACTERIOLOGY
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6
Q

– Study of viruses

A
  • VIROLOGY
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6
Q

– Study of fungi

A
  • MYCOLOGY
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7
Q
  • Diseases are caused by different types of
    rapidly multiplying minute body and that these
    bodies are transferred from the infector to the
    infected in three ways:
    Ø By direct contact
    Ø By carriers such as soiled clothing and
    linen
    Ø Through the air
A

GIROLAMO FRACASTORO

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8
Q
  • Father of Bacteriology and Protozoology
  • Discovered many life forms he called
    ‘animalcules’
  • Made a single lens microscope which enabled
    the study of minute organisms.
A

ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK

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9
Q
  • Disputed the Theory of Spontaneous
    Generation
  • Performed an experiment on decaying meat in
    1668
A

FRANCESCO REDI

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10
Q
  • There must be a “life force” that causes
    inanimate matter to spontaneously come to
    life.
A

JOHN NEEDHAM

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11
Q
  • Observed that microbes move through the air
    as possible source of contamination and can be
    destroyed by boiling.
A

LAZZARO SPALLANZANI

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12
Q
  • Developed the principles of vaccination,
    microbial fermentation, and pasteurization
A

LOUIS PASTEUR

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13
Q
  • Pioneer of antiseptic surgery
  • Introduced the use of carbolic acid (phenol) as a
    chemical sterilizing agent for surgical
    instruments.
A

JOSEPH LISTER

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14
Q
  • Credited for the Gram staining technique which
    distinguishes two major groups of bacteria:
    Gram-positive and Gram-negative
A

HANS CHRISTIAN GRAM

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15
Q
  • Discovered the first antibiotic, Penicillin G, from
    a mold, Penicillium notatum.
A

ALEXANDER FLEMING

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16
Q
  • Established the theory of etiologic agents cause
    diseases by providing experimental steps
    (Koch’s postulates) used to prove that a
    specific microbe causes a specific disease
A

ROBERT KOCH

17
Q

– 4 generalize principles
linking specific microorganisms to specific
diseases that remain today as the “gold
standard” in medical microbiology

A

Koch’s postulates

18
Q
  • The lipoprotein layer that surrounds the
    cytoplasm.
  • Regulates the transport of solutes in and out of
    the cell.
A

CELL MEMBRANE

19
Q
  • The semi-rigid casing that provides structural
    shape and support to the cell.
A

CELL WALL

20
Q
  • The region where the DNA is concentrated.
A

NUCLEOID

20
Q
  • Site of protein synthesis
  • Gives granular structure to the cytoplasm
A

RIBOSOMES

21
Q
  • Protective layer of a bacterium that resist
    phagocytosis and desiccation.
A

CAPSULE

22
Q
  • Hair-like proteinaceous structures that extend
    from the cell membrane into the external
    environment Neisseria gonorrheae has two
    types:
    Ø ___ pili – for adhesion
    Ø ___ pili – for conjugation
A

PILI

Somatic
Sex

22
Q
  • The structure that allows the bacteria to move.
    – absence of flagellum
    – one polar flagellum
    – single flagellum on
    both ends
    – tuft of flagella on either end or both ends
    – flagella all around the
    organism
A

FLAGELLUM

Ø Atrichous – absence of flagellum
Ø Monotrichous – one polar flagellum
Ø Amphitrichous – single flagellum on
both ends
Ø Lophotrichous – tuft of flagella on
either end or both ends
Ø Peritrichous – flagella all around the
organism

22
Q
  • Food reserves of the bacteria.
    Ø __: Corynebacterium
    diphtheriae
    Ø ___: Mycobacterium
    tuberculosis
    Ø ____: Nocardia and
    Actinomyces species
    Ø ____: Yersinia pestis
A

*INCLUSION BODIES

Ø Babes-Ernst bodies: Corynebacterium
diphtheriae
Ø Much’s granules: Mycobacterium
tuberculosis
Ø Sulfur granules: Nocardia and
Actinomyces species
Ø Bipolar bodies: Yersinia pestis

23
Q
  • Structures that allow the bacteria to resist
    sterilization
  • Composed of calcium dipicolinate
    Ø Terminal: Clostridium tetani
    Ø Subterminal: Clostridium botulinum
    Ø Central: Bacillus anthracis
A

SPORES

24
Q

Anthrax

Botulism/food poisoning

Diphtheria

Urinary tract infection

Pyogenic infections

Strep throat, scarlet fever

Typhoid fever

Pneumonia

Syphilis

Tuberculosis

Gastric ulcer

A

Bacillus anthracis - Anthrax
Clostridium botulinum - Botulism/food poisoning
Corynebacterium diphtheriae - Diphtheria
Escherichia coli - Urinary tract infection
Staphylococcus aureus - Pyogenic infections
Streptococcus pyogenes - Strep throat, scarlet fever
Salmonella typhi - Typhoid fever
Streptococcus pneumoniae - Pneumonia
Treponema pallidum subsp. pallidum - Syphilis
Mycobacterium tuberculosis - Tuberculosis
Helicobacter pylori - Gastric ulcer

24
Q

OXYGEN
* ___ – require oxygen for growth
(obligate, facultative, microaerophilic).
* ___ – grow best in an atmosphere of
reduced oxygen tension.

A

Aerobes
Anaerobes

25
Q

CARBON DIOXIDE
* ___ – need 5-10% carbon dioxide to
live.
* Placed in candle jars

A

Capnophiles

26
Q

NUTRIENTS
* ____ – able to make energy-containing
organic molecules from inorganic raw material
by using basic energy sources such as sunlight
* ___ – organisms must make use of
food that comes from other organisms in the
form of fats, carbohydrates and proteins.

A

Autotrophs

Heterotrophs

27
Q

TEMPERATURE
* Psychrophile/cryophile: ___
* Mesophile: ____ (human pathogens)
* Thermophile: ___
* Hyperthermophile: ____

A

TEMPERATURE
* Psychrophile/cryophile: 0-15°C
* Mesophile: 20-45°C (human pathogens)
* Thermophile: 50-60°C
* Hyperthermophile: 80-113°C

28
Q

HYDROGEN AND ION CONCENTRATION (pH)
* Acidophile: ____ (Sulfolobus)
* Neutrophile: ____ (E.coli)
* Alkalophile: ____ (Vibrio cholerae)

A

HYDROGEN AND ION CONCENTRATION (pH)
* Acidophile: pH 0-5.5 (Sulfolobus)
* Neutrophile: pH 5.5-8.0 (E.coli)
* Alkalophile: pH 8.5-11.5 (Vibrio cholerae)

29
Q
  • One stain is used (e.g. methylene blue)
  • Organisms should only be observed for size,
    shape, and uniformity of staining.
A

SIMPLE STAIN

30
Q
  • Used to distinguish between groups of bacteria
  • Gram staining, acid-fast staining
A

DIFFERENTIAL STAIN

31
Q
  • Drugs administered to either kill bacteria or
    inhibit their growth by preventing
    reproduction
A

ANTIBIOTICS

32
Q

– agents that inhibit
bacterial growth

A

Bacteriostatic

33
Q

– agents that actively kill
bacteria

A

Bactericidal

34
Q
  • For therapeutic guidelines
  • Indicates which antibiotic is effective in killing
    the bacteria causing the infection or disease.
A

ANTIBIOTIC SUSCEPTIBILITY TESTING

35
Q

ANTIBIOTIC SUSCEPTIBILITY TESTING TYPES

A

Types:
Disk diffusion susceptibility test/Kirby
Bauer Method
Broth dilution susceptibility test

35
Q
  • Lowest concentration of antimicrobial agent
    that inhibits bacterial growth (bacteriostatic).
A

MINIMAL INHIBITORY CONCENTRATION

36
Q
  • Lowest antibiotic concentration that results in
    99.9% death of the bacterial population
    (bactericidal).
A

MINIMAL BACTERICIDAL CONCENTRATION

37
Q
  • Determines the susceptibility of bacterial
    pathogens to antimicrobial agents.
  • Based on growth inhibition surrounding
    antibiotic –impregnated disks.
  • Measurement of the diameter of the zone of
    inhibition.
A

DISK DIFFUSION METHOD

PMLS (10 decks)

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