4 MIDTERMS - MICROBIO Flashcards
- The study of organisms too small to be seen by
the unaided eye.
MICROBIOLOGY
- Practical application and use of beneficial microorganisms in food processing.
FOOD MICROBIOLOGY
- Examination and identification of organisms
through laboratory tests.
DIAGNOSTIC MICROBIOLOGY
- Study of microbial pathogens considered
health threats to people.
CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY
– Study of parasites
- PARASITOLOGY
– Study of bacteria
- BACTERIOLOGY
– Study of viruses
- VIROLOGY
– Study of fungi
- MYCOLOGY
- Diseases are caused by different types of
rapidly multiplying minute body and that these
bodies are transferred from the infector to the
infected in three ways:
Ø By direct contact
Ø By carriers such as soiled clothing and
linen
Ø Through the air
GIROLAMO FRACASTORO
- Father of Bacteriology and Protozoology
- Discovered many life forms he called
‘animalcules’ - Made a single lens microscope which enabled
the study of minute organisms.
ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK
- Disputed the Theory of Spontaneous
Generation - Performed an experiment on decaying meat in
1668
FRANCESCO REDI
- There must be a “life force” that causes
inanimate matter to spontaneously come to
life.
JOHN NEEDHAM
- Observed that microbes move through the air
as possible source of contamination and can be
destroyed by boiling.
LAZZARO SPALLANZANI
- Developed the principles of vaccination,
microbial fermentation, and pasteurization
LOUIS PASTEUR
- Pioneer of antiseptic surgery
- Introduced the use of carbolic acid (phenol) as a
chemical sterilizing agent for surgical
instruments.
JOSEPH LISTER
- Credited for the Gram staining technique which
distinguishes two major groups of bacteria:
Gram-positive and Gram-negative
HANS CHRISTIAN GRAM
- Discovered the first antibiotic, Penicillin G, from
a mold, Penicillium notatum.
ALEXANDER FLEMING
- Established the theory of etiologic agents cause
diseases by providing experimental steps
(Koch’s postulates) used to prove that a
specific microbe causes a specific disease
ROBERT KOCH
– 4 generalize principles
linking specific microorganisms to specific
diseases that remain today as the “gold
standard” in medical microbiology
Koch’s postulates
- The lipoprotein layer that surrounds the
cytoplasm. - Regulates the transport of solutes in and out of
the cell.
CELL MEMBRANE
- The semi-rigid casing that provides structural
shape and support to the cell.
CELL WALL
- The region where the DNA is concentrated.
NUCLEOID
- Site of protein synthesis
- Gives granular structure to the cytoplasm
RIBOSOMES
- Protective layer of a bacterium that resist
phagocytosis and desiccation.
CAPSULE
- Hair-like proteinaceous structures that extend
from the cell membrane into the external
environment Neisseria gonorrheae has two
types:
Ø ___ pili – for adhesion
Ø ___ pili – for conjugation
PILI
Somatic
Sex
- The structure that allows the bacteria to move.
– absence of flagellum
– one polar flagellum
– single flagellum on
both ends
– tuft of flagella on either end or both ends
– flagella all around the
organism
FLAGELLUM
Ø Atrichous – absence of flagellum
Ø Monotrichous – one polar flagellum
Ø Amphitrichous – single flagellum on
both ends
Ø Lophotrichous – tuft of flagella on
either end or both ends
Ø Peritrichous – flagella all around the
organism
- Food reserves of the bacteria.
Ø __: Corynebacterium
diphtheriae
Ø ___: Mycobacterium
tuberculosis
Ø ____: Nocardia and
Actinomyces species
Ø ____: Yersinia pestis
*INCLUSION BODIES
Ø Babes-Ernst bodies: Corynebacterium
diphtheriae
Ø Much’s granules: Mycobacterium
tuberculosis
Ø Sulfur granules: Nocardia and
Actinomyces species
Ø Bipolar bodies: Yersinia pestis
- Structures that allow the bacteria to resist
sterilization - Composed of calcium dipicolinate
Ø Terminal: Clostridium tetani
Ø Subterminal: Clostridium botulinum
Ø Central: Bacillus anthracis
SPORES
Anthrax
Botulism/food poisoning
Diphtheria
Urinary tract infection
Pyogenic infections
Strep throat, scarlet fever
Typhoid fever
Pneumonia
Syphilis
Tuberculosis
Gastric ulcer
Bacillus anthracis - Anthrax
Clostridium botulinum - Botulism/food poisoning
Corynebacterium diphtheriae - Diphtheria
Escherichia coli - Urinary tract infection
Staphylococcus aureus - Pyogenic infections
Streptococcus pyogenes - Strep throat, scarlet fever
Salmonella typhi - Typhoid fever
Streptococcus pneumoniae - Pneumonia
Treponema pallidum subsp. pallidum - Syphilis
Mycobacterium tuberculosis - Tuberculosis
Helicobacter pylori - Gastric ulcer
OXYGEN
* ___ – require oxygen for growth
(obligate, facultative, microaerophilic).
* ___ – grow best in an atmosphere of
reduced oxygen tension.
Aerobes
Anaerobes
CARBON DIOXIDE
* ___ – need 5-10% carbon dioxide to
live.
* Placed in candle jars
Capnophiles
NUTRIENTS
* ____ – able to make energy-containing
organic molecules from inorganic raw material
by using basic energy sources such as sunlight
* ___ – organisms must make use of
food that comes from other organisms in the
form of fats, carbohydrates and proteins.
Autotrophs
Heterotrophs
TEMPERATURE
* Psychrophile/cryophile: ___
* Mesophile: ____ (human pathogens)
* Thermophile: ___
* Hyperthermophile: ____
TEMPERATURE
* Psychrophile/cryophile: 0-15°C
* Mesophile: 20-45°C (human pathogens)
* Thermophile: 50-60°C
* Hyperthermophile: 80-113°C
HYDROGEN AND ION CONCENTRATION (pH)
* Acidophile: ____ (Sulfolobus)
* Neutrophile: ____ (E.coli)
* Alkalophile: ____ (Vibrio cholerae)
HYDROGEN AND ION CONCENTRATION (pH)
* Acidophile: pH 0-5.5 (Sulfolobus)
* Neutrophile: pH 5.5-8.0 (E.coli)
* Alkalophile: pH 8.5-11.5 (Vibrio cholerae)
- One stain is used (e.g. methylene blue)
- Organisms should only be observed for size,
shape, and uniformity of staining.
SIMPLE STAIN
- Used to distinguish between groups of bacteria
- Gram staining, acid-fast staining
DIFFERENTIAL STAIN
- Drugs administered to either kill bacteria or
inhibit their growth by preventing
reproduction
ANTIBIOTICS
– agents that inhibit
bacterial growth
Bacteriostatic
– agents that actively kill
bacteria
Bactericidal
- For therapeutic guidelines
- Indicates which antibiotic is effective in killing
the bacteria causing the infection or disease.
ANTIBIOTIC SUSCEPTIBILITY TESTING
ANTIBIOTIC SUSCEPTIBILITY TESTING TYPES
Types:
Disk diffusion susceptibility test/Kirby
Bauer Method
Broth dilution susceptibility test
- Lowest concentration of antimicrobial agent
that inhibits bacterial growth (bacteriostatic).
MINIMAL INHIBITORY CONCENTRATION
- Lowest antibiotic concentration that results in
99.9% death of the bacterial population
(bactericidal).
MINIMAL BACTERICIDAL CONCENTRATION
- Determines the susceptibility of bacterial
pathogens to antimicrobial agents. - Based on growth inhibition surrounding
antibiotic –impregnated disks. - Measurement of the diameter of the zone of
inhibition.
DISK DIFFUSION METHOD
