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Culture In Psychology > Preliminary > Flashcards

Preliminary Flashcards

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1
Q

A learned meaning system that
consists of patterns of traditions,
beliefs, values, norms, meanings, and
symbols

A

Culture (Ting-Toomey and
Chung)

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2
Q

deposit of knowledge, experience,
beliefs, values, actions, attitudes,
meanings, hierarchies, religion, notions
of time, roles, spatial relations,
concepts of the universe, and artifacts

A

Culture (Samovar and Porter)

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3
Q

integrated systems of learned
behavior patterns

A

Culture (Oosterwal)

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4
Q

learned set of shared perceptions
about beliefs, values, norms,

A

Culture (Lustig and Koester)

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5
Q

What gives people a “sense of who they
are, of belonging, of how they should
behave, and of what they should be
doing”.

A

Culture (Moran, Harris, and Moran)

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6
Q

Seven (7) Major Traits of Culture

A

Learned.
Transmitted
Base on symbols
Changeable
Integrated
Ethnocentric
Adaptive

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7
Q

Seven (7) Major Traits of Culture

A

Learned.
Transmitted
Base on symbols
Changeable
Integrated
Ethnocentric
Adaptive

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8
Q

Not innate, but something
acquired because of where
one is raised.

A

Learned

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9
Q

➢ Each generation (older) passes
it on to the younger- and
constantly reinforces it. If not, a culture dies.

A

Transmitted

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10
Q

➢ Language (verbal and
nonverbal) is a key element.
but also images and icons

A

Based on Symbols

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11
Q

➢ Language (verbal and
nonverbal) is a key element.
but also images and icons

A

Based on Symbols

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12
Q

➢ No culture is static. The
culture of your grandparents is
not identical with your own

A

Changeable

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13
Q

One dimension affect other
dimensions

A

Integrated

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14
Q

❖ A trait found in every culture.
❖ The belief that one’s culture is
superior and more worthy
than another.

A

Ethnocentric

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15
Q

❖ In order to survive, culture
must adapt.

A

Adaptive

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16
Q

may be understood
as a system of people, places, and
practices. While some cultures are
formed around geographical and
ethnic similarities, other cultures and
subcultures might be based on
shared religion, behaviors, or
preferences.

A

Culture

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17
Q

Five Cultural Characteristics

A

Learned
Shared
Symbolic
Integrated
Dynamic

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18
Q

culture is not thought of as
inherited or innate; culture is learned
through experiences.

A

Learned

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19
Q

Culture is shared by members of
a group. One’s individual’s actions are not
considered a culture.

A

Shared

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20
Q

culture uses symbols, and the
members of a culture understand the
meanings of their shared symbols.

A

Symbolic

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21
Q

culture is composed of
integrated, connected elements.

A

Integrated

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22
Q

culture adapts and changes
over time. Culture is dynamic, as
opposed to static.

A

Dynamic

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23
Q

Content of Culture

A

Objective Elements of Culture
Subjective Elements of Culture

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24
Q

Include explicit, physical
manifestations of a meaning
and information system, such as
architecture, clothes, food, art, or
eating utensils.
➢ Anything you can see and touch.

A

Objective Elements of Culture

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25
Q

➢ Includes all parts of culture that
do not exist as physical artifacts.
➢ These include culture-level
attitudes, beliefs, norms, and
behaviors.

A

Subjective Elements of Culture

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26
Q

Types of Subjective Elements of Culture

A

Values
Beliefs
Norms
Attitudes
Worldview

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27
Q

Values:

A

❖ Individualism vs. Collectivism
❖ Power Distance
❖ Uncertainty Avoidance
❖ Masculinity vs. Femininity
❖ Long vs. Short Term Orientation
❖ Indulgence vs. Restraint

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28
Q

Beliefs

A

❖ Dynamic Externality
❖ Religions
❖ Societal Cynicism

29
Q

Norms

A

❖ Rituals
❖ Etiquette and Politeness
❖ Tighthness vs. Looseness

30
Q

Attitudes

A

❖ Opinions
❖ Stereotypes
❖ Prejudice

31
Q

Worldviews

A

❖ Self-concepts
❖ Cultural worldviews
❖ Attributions

32
Q

➢ Guiding principles that refer to
desirable goals that motivate behavior,
and define moral, political, social,
economic, aesthetic, or spiritual ethics.

A

Values

33
Q

The degree to which
groups will encourage
tendencies for
members to look after
themselves and their
immediate family only,
or for them to belong in
groups that look after
its members in
exchange for loyalty

A

INDIVIDUALISM VS
COLLECTIVISM

34
Q

The degree to which
groups will encourage
less powerful members
to accept that power is
distributed unequally

A

Power Distance

35
Q

The degree to which
groups will encourage
members to feel
threatened by
unknown or
ambiguous situations

A

Uncertainty
Avoidance

36
Q

The degree to which
groups value success,
money, and things as
opposed to caring for
others and quality of
life,

A

Masculinity vs
Femininity

37
Q

The degree to which
groups encourage
delayed gratification of
material, social, and
emotional needs
among its members.

A

Long vs Short Term
Orientation

38
Q

The degree to which
groups allow relatively
free gratification of
basic and natural
human drives

A

Indulgence vs
Restraint

39
Q

➢ Are prepositions that are regarded as
true, and like values, exist on the
individual and cultural levels.

A

Beliefs

40
Q

❖ General beliefs and premises
about oneself, the social and
physical environment, and the
spiritual world;

A

Social axioms

41
Q

Two social axiom dimension existed on
the cultural level:

A
  1. Dynamic Externality
  2. Societal Cynicism
42
Q

❖ This dimension represents
beliefs concerning external
forces such as fate, a supreme
being, and spirituality.

A

Dynamic Externality

43
Q

➢ This dimension represents an
apprehension or pessimism of
the world.
➢ Caring about societal affairs
only brings trouble upon oneself
and kindhearted people usually
suffer losses

A

Societal Cynicism

44
Q

➢ This dimension represents an
apprehension or pessimism of
the world.
➢ Caring about societal affairs
only brings trouble upon oneself
and kindhearted people usually
suffer losses

A

Societal Cynicism

45
Q

➢ Generally accepted standards of
behavior for any cultural group

A

Norms

46
Q

Culturally prescribed
conduct or any kind
of established
routine or procedure

A

Rituals

47
Q

Culturally prescribed
code of behavior
that describes
expectations for
polite behavior.

A

Etiquette

48
Q

A dimension of
cultural variability
within a culture of its
members to norms.
Tight cultures have
less variability and
are more
homogenous with
respect to norms;
loose cultures have
more variability and
are more
heterogeneous.

A

Tightness vs
Looseness

49
Q

➢ Evaluations of objects occurring in
ongoing thoughts about the objects, or
stored in memory.

A

Attitudes

50
Q

➢ Culturally specific belief systems about
the world.
➢ They contain attitudes, beliefs,
opinions, and values about the world.
➢ People have worldviews because of
evolved, complex cognition; thus
having a worldview is a universal
psychological process.

A

Cultural Worldviews

51
Q

TWO MAIN GOALS OF PSYCHOLOGY

A
  1. To build a body of knowledge about
    people
  2. Taking that body of knowledge and
    applying it to intervene in people’s
    lives, to make those lives better.
52
Q

★ Psychologists seek to understand
behavior when it happens,
explain why it happens, and even
predict it before it happens.

A

The first is to build a body of knowledge
about people

53
Q

★ Psychologists achieve this in many
ways: as therapists, counselors,
trainers, and consultants.
Psychologists work on the front

A

The second goal of psychology involves
taking that body of knowledge and
applying it to intervene in people’s lives,
to make those lives better

54
Q

The two goals of psychology

A

—creating a body
of knowledge and
applying that
knowledge

55
Q

Ethics in Cultural Psychological
Research

A

Beneficence and Nonmaleficence
Fidelity & Responsibility
Integrity
Justice
Respect for People’s Rights and
Dignity

56
Q

➢ has created a set of common ethical
principles and shared standards to guide
the professional and scientific
responsibilities of psychologists.

A

American Psychological Association (APA)

57
Q

➢ The first principle of the APA ethics
code states that psychologists should
strive to protect the rights and welfare
of those with whom they work
professionally

A

Beneficence and Nonmaleficence

58
Q

➢ The APA also suggests that psychologists
have a moral responsibility to help ensure that others working in their
profession also uphold high ethical
standards.

A

Fidelity & Responsibility

59
Q

➢ In research and practice, psychologists
should never attempt to deceive or
misrepresent.
➢ In research, deception can involve
fabricating or manipulating results in
some way to achieve desired outcomes.
Psychologists should also strive for
transparency and honesty in their
practice.

A

Integrity

60
Q

➢ In its broadest sense, justice relates to a
responsibility to be fair and impartial.
This principle states that people have a
right to access and benefit from
advances that have been made in the
field of psychology.

A

Justice

61
Q

➢ Psychologists should respect the right to
dignity, privacy, and confidentiality of
those they work with professionally.
They should also strive to minimize their
own biases as well as be aware of issues
related to diversity and the concerns of
particular populations

A

Respect for People’s Rights and
Dignity

62
Q

Principles protecting human subjects
include:

A
  1. Informed Consent
  2. Voluntary Participation
  3. Privacy
  4. Risks and Benefits
  5. Deception
  6. Debriefing
63
Q

➢ states that people should know
when they are involved in
research, and understand what
will happen to them during the
study (at least in general terms that
do not give away the hypothesis

A

Informed consent

64
Q

➢ the choice to participate, along
with the freedom to withdraw
from the study at any time.

A

Voluntary participation

65
Q

➢ encompasses two broad concepts,
anonymity and confidentiality.
Researchers also may not identify
individual participants in their
research reports.

A

Privacy

66
Q

➢ key elements of ethics in research
and people who agree to participate
in psychological studies should be
exposed to risk only if they fully
understand the risks and only if
the likely benefits clearly
outweigh those risks.

A

Risks and Benefits

67
Q

➢ refers to the need for some
research to deceive participants
(e.g., using a cover story) to
prevent participants from
modifying their behavior in unnatural ways, especially in
laboratory or field experiments.

A

Deception

68
Q

➢ the process of informing research
participants as soon as possible
of the purpose of the study,
revealing any deceptions, and
correcting any misconceptions

A

Debriefing

Culture In Psychology (7 decks)

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