Preliminary

Question 1

A learned meaning system that
consists of patterns of traditions,
beliefs, values, norms, meanings, and
symbols

Answer 1

Culture (Ting-Toomey and
Chung)

Question 2

deposit of knowledge, experience,
beliefs, values, actions, attitudes,
meanings, hierarchies, religion, notions
of time, roles, spatial relations,
concepts of the universe, and artifacts

Answer 2

Culture (Samovar and Porter)

Question 3

integrated systems of learned
behavior patterns

Answer 3

Culture (Oosterwal)

Question 4

learned set of shared perceptions
about beliefs, values, norms,

Answer 4

Culture (Lustig and Koester)

Question 5

What gives people a “sense of who they
are, of belonging, of how they should
behave, and of what they should be
doing”.

Answer 5

Culture (Moran, Harris, and Moran)

Question 6

Seven (7) Major Traits of Culture

Answer 6

Learned.
Transmitted
Base on symbols
Changeable
Integrated
Ethnocentric
Adaptive

Question 7

Seven (7) Major Traits of Culture

Answer 7

Learned.
Transmitted
Base on symbols
Changeable
Integrated
Ethnocentric
Adaptive

Question 8

Not innate, but something
acquired because of where
one is raised.

Answer 8

Learned

Question 9

➢ Each generation (older) passes
it on to the younger- and
constantly reinforces it. If not, a culture dies.

Answer 9

Transmitted

Question 10

➢ Language (verbal and
nonverbal) is a key element.
but also images and icons

Answer 10

Based on Symbols

Question 11

➢ Language (verbal and
nonverbal) is a key element.
but also images and icons

Answer 11

Based on Symbols

Question 12

➢ No culture is static. The
culture of your grandparents is
not identical with your own

Answer 12

Changeable

Question 13

One dimension affect other
dimensions

Answer 13

Integrated

Question 14

❖ A trait found in every culture.
❖ The belief that one’s culture is
superior and more worthy
than another.

Answer 14

Ethnocentric

Question 15

❖ In order to survive, culture
must adapt.

Answer 15

Adaptive

Question 16

may be understood
as a system of people, places, and
practices. While some cultures are
formed around geographical and
ethnic similarities, other cultures and
subcultures might be based on
shared religion, behaviors, or
preferences.

Answer 16

Culture

Question 17

Five Cultural Characteristics

Answer 17

Learned
Shared
Symbolic
Integrated
Dynamic

Question 18

culture is not thought of as
inherited or innate; culture is learned
through experiences.

Answer 18

Learned

Question 19

Culture is shared by members of
a group. One’s individual’s actions are not
considered a culture.

Answer 19

Shared

Question 20

culture uses symbols, and the
members of a culture understand the
meanings of their shared symbols.

Answer 20

Symbolic

Question 21

culture is composed of
integrated, connected elements.

Answer 21

Integrated

Question 22

culture adapts and changes
over time. Culture is dynamic, as
opposed to static.

Answer 22

Dynamic

Question 23

Content of Culture

Answer 23

Objective Elements of Culture
Subjective Elements of Culture

Question 24

Include explicit, physical
manifestations of a meaning
and information system, such as
architecture, clothes, food, art, or
eating utensils.
➢ Anything you can see and touch.

Answer 24

Objective Elements of Culture

Question 25

➢ Includes all parts of culture that do not exist as physical artifacts. ➢ These include culture-level attitudes, beliefs, norms, and behaviors.

Answer 25

Subjective Elements of Culture

Question 26

Types of Subjective Elements of Culture

Answer 26

Values Beliefs Norms Attitudes Worldview

Question 27

Values:

Answer 27

❖ Individualism vs. Collectivism ❖ Power Distance ❖ Uncertainty Avoidance ❖ Masculinity vs. Femininity ❖ Long vs. Short Term Orientation ❖ Indulgence vs. Restraint

Question 28

Beliefs

Answer 28

❖ Dynamic Externality ❖ Religions ❖ Societal Cynicism

Question 29

Norms

Answer 29

❖ Rituals ❖ Etiquette and Politeness ❖ Tighthness vs. Looseness

Question 30

Attitudes

Answer 30

❖ Opinions ❖ Stereotypes ❖ Prejudice

Question 31

Worldviews

Answer 31

❖ Self-concepts ❖ Cultural worldviews ❖ Attributions

Question 32

➢ Guiding principles that refer to desirable goals that motivate behavior, and define moral, political, social, economic, aesthetic, or spiritual ethics.

Answer 32

Values

Question 33

The degree to which groups will encourage tendencies for members to look after themselves and their immediate family only, or for them to belong in groups that look after its members in exchange for loyalty

Answer 33

INDIVIDUALISM VS COLLECTIVISM

Question 34

The degree to which groups will encourage less powerful members to accept that power is distributed unequally

Answer 34

Power Distance

Question 35

The degree to which groups will encourage members to feel threatened by unknown or ambiguous situations

Answer 35

Uncertainty Avoidance

Question 36

The degree to which groups value success, money, and things as opposed to caring for others and quality of life,

Answer 36

Masculinity vs Femininity

Question 37

The degree to which groups encourage delayed gratification of material, social, and emotional needs among its members.

Answer 37

Long vs Short Term Orientation

Question 38

The degree to which groups allow relatively free gratification of basic and natural human drives

Answer 38

Indulgence vs Restraint

Question 39

➢ Are prepositions that are regarded as true, and like values, exist on the individual and cultural levels.

Answer 39

Beliefs

Question 40

❖ General beliefs and premises about oneself, the social and physical environment, and the spiritual world;

Answer 40

Social axioms

Question 41

Two social axiom dimension existed on the cultural level:

Answer 41

1. Dynamic Externality 2. Societal Cynicism

Question 42

❖ This dimension represents beliefs concerning external forces such as fate, a supreme being, and spirituality.

Answer 42

Dynamic Externality

Question 43

➢ This dimension represents an apprehension or pessimism of the world. ➢ Caring about societal affairs only brings trouble upon oneself and kindhearted people usually suffer losses

Answer 43

Societal Cynicism

Question 44

➢ This dimension represents an apprehension or pessimism of the world. ➢ Caring about societal affairs only brings trouble upon oneself and kindhearted people usually suffer losses

Answer 44

Societal Cynicism

Question 45

➢ Generally accepted standards of behavior for any cultural group

Answer 45

Norms

Question 46

Culturally prescribed conduct or any kind of established routine or procedure

Answer 46

Rituals

Question 47

Culturally prescribed code of behavior that describes expectations for polite behavior.

Answer 47

Etiquette

Question 48

A dimension of cultural variability within a culture of its members to norms. Tight cultures have less variability and are more homogenous with respect to norms; loose cultures have more variability and are more heterogeneous.

Answer 48

Tightness vs Looseness

Question 49

➢ Evaluations of objects occurring in ongoing thoughts about the objects, or stored in memory.

Answer 49

Attitudes

Question 50

➢ Culturally specific belief systems about the world. ➢ They contain attitudes, beliefs, opinions, and values about the world. ➢ People have worldviews because of evolved, complex cognition; thus having a worldview is a universal psychological process.

Answer 50

Cultural Worldviews

Question 51

TWO MAIN GOALS OF PSYCHOLOGY

Answer 51

1. To build a body of knowledge about people 2. Taking that body of knowledge and applying it to intervene in people’s lives, to make those lives better.

Question 52

★ Psychologists seek to understand behavior when it happens, explain why it happens, and even predict it before it happens.

Answer 52

The first is to build a body of knowledge about people

Question 53

★ Psychologists achieve this in many ways: as therapists, counselors, trainers, and consultants. Psychologists work on the front

Answer 53

The second goal of psychology involves taking that body of knowledge and applying it to intervene in people’s lives, to make those lives better

Question 54

The two goals of psychology

Answer 54

—creating a body of knowledge and applying that knowledge

Question 55

Ethics in Cultural Psychological Research

Answer 55

Beneficence and Nonmaleficence Fidelity & Responsibility Integrity Justice Respect for People’s Rights and Dignity

Question 56

➢ has created a set of common ethical principles and shared standards to guide the professional and scientific responsibilities of psychologists.

Answer 56

American Psychological Association (APA)

Question 57

➢ The first principle of the APA ethics code states that psychologists should strive to protect the rights and welfare of those with whom they work professionally

Answer 57

Beneficence and Nonmaleficence

Question 58

➢ The APA also suggests that psychologists have a moral responsibility to help ensure that others working in their profession also uphold high ethical standards.

Answer 58

Fidelity & Responsibility

Question 59

➢ In research and practice, psychologists should never attempt to deceive or misrepresent. ➢ In research, deception can involve fabricating or manipulating results in some way to achieve desired outcomes. Psychologists should also strive for transparency and honesty in their practice.

Answer 59

Integrity

Question 60

➢ In its broadest sense, justice relates to a responsibility to be fair and impartial. This principle states that people have a right to access and benefit from advances that have been made in the field of psychology.

Answer 60

Justice

Question 61

➢ Psychologists should respect the right to dignity, privacy, and confidentiality of those they work with professionally. They should also strive to minimize their own biases as well as be aware of issues related to diversity and the concerns of particular populations

Answer 61

Respect for People’s Rights and Dignity

Question 62

Principles protecting human subjects include:

Answer 62

1. Informed Consent 2. Voluntary Participation 3. Privacy 4. Risks and Benefits 5. Deception 6. Debriefing

Question 63

➢ states that people should know when they are involved in research, and understand what will happen to them during the study (at least in general terms that do not give away the hypothesis

Answer 63

Informed consent

Question 64

➢ the choice to participate, along with the freedom to withdraw from the study at any time.

Answer 64

Voluntary participation

Question 65

➢ encompasses two broad concepts, anonymity and confidentiality. Researchers also may not identify individual participants in their research reports.

Answer 65

Privacy

Question 66

➢ key elements of ethics in research and people who agree to participate in psychological studies should be exposed to risk only if they fully understand the risks and only if the likely benefits clearly outweigh those risks.

Answer 66

Risks and Benefits

Question 67

➢ refers to the need for some research to deceive participants (e.g., using a cover story) to prevent participants from modifying their behavior in unnatural ways, especially in laboratory or field experiments.

Answer 67

Deception

Question 68

➢ the process of informing research participants as soon as possible of the purpose of the study, revealing any deceptions, and correcting any misconceptions

Answer 68

Debriefing