Midterm Flashcards
The
process by which we learn
and internalize the rules and
patterns of behavior that
are affected by culture.
socialization
The
process by which
individuals learn and adopt
the ways and manners of
their specific culture.
enculturation
The
people, institutions, and
organizations that exist to
help ensure that encultura-
tion occurs.
enculturation (and
socialization) agents
Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems theory provides a useful framework for organizing the many dimensions of enculturation
Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems Theory
(the immediate surroundings, such as the family, school, peer
group, with which children directly interact),
microsystem
(the linkages between
microsystems, such as between school and family),
the mesosystem
(the context that
indirectly affects children, such as parent’s workplace),
the exosystem
(culture,
religion, society), and the
the macrosystem
(the influence of time and history on the
other systems)
chronosystem
focuses on how the broader macrosystem structures the
child’s immediate microsystems
Super and Harkness’s
notion of a developmental niche (Harkness & Super, 2021; Super & Harkness, 1986).
The developmental niche includes three major
components:
the physical and social setting, the customs of child care and child rearing,
and the psychology of the caregivers
The major focus of the
project was to systematically examine child-rearing and children’s behavior in these
varied cultural contexts.
The Six Cultures Study
Parental
cultural belief systems.
parental
ethnotheories
A style of parenting in
which the parent expects
unquestioned obedience and
views the child as needing
to be controlled
authoritarian parents
A
style of parenting in which
parents allow children to
regulate their own lives and
provide few firm guidelines.
permissive parents
A style of parenting that is
viewed as firm, fair, and
reasonable. This style is
seen as promoting psycho-
logically healthy, competent,
independent children who
are cooperative and at ease
in social situations.
authoritative parents
A
style of parenting in which
parents are often too
absorbed in their own lives
to respond appropriately to
their children and may seem
indifferent to them.
uninvolved parents
A culture in
which change is slow
and enculturation occurs
primarily by elders trans-
ferring their knowledge to
their children. Elders hold
the knowledge necessary for
becoming a successful and
competent adult.
postfigurative
cultures
A culture in which change
occurs rapidly. Both adults
and peers socialize young
people. Young people may
have to turn to one another
for advice and information
in this type of culture.
cofigurative culture
A culture that is
changing so rapidly that
young people may be the
ones to teach adults cultural
knowledge.
prefigurative
cultures
Bullying
through electronic means,
for example, using the
Internet, social media, or
sending text messages.
cyberbullying
(sharing both biological parents),
full siblings
(sharing one parent),
and
half siblings
(sharing no biological parent)
stepsiblings
