Midterm

Question 1

The
process by which we learn
and internalize the rules and
patterns of behavior that
are affected by culture.

Answer 1

socialization

Question 2

The
process by which
individuals learn and adopt
the ways and manners of
their specific culture.

Answer 2

enculturation

Question 3

The
people, institutions, and
organizations that exist to
help ensure that encultura-
tion occurs.

Answer 3

enculturation (and
socialization) agents

Question 4

Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems theory provides a useful framework for organizing the many dimensions of enculturation

Answer 4

Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems Theory

Question 5

(the immediate surroundings, such as the family, school, peer
group, with which children directly interact),

Answer 5

microsystem

Question 6

(the linkages between
microsystems, such as between school and family),

Answer 6

the mesosystem

Question 7

(the context that
indirectly affects children, such as parent’s workplace),

Answer 7

the exosystem

Question 8

(culture,
religion, society), and the

Answer 8

the macrosystem

Question 9

(the influence of time and history on the
other systems)

Answer 9

chronosystem

Question 10

focuses on how the broader macrosystem structures the
child’s immediate microsystems

Answer 10

Super and Harkness’s
notion of a developmental niche (Harkness & Super, 2021; Super & Harkness, 1986).

Question 11

The developmental niche includes three major
components:

Answer 11

the physical and social setting, the customs of child care and child rearing,
and the psychology of the caregivers

Question 12

The major focus of the
project was to systematically examine child-rearing and children’s behavior in these
varied cultural contexts.

Answer 12

The Six Cultures Study

Question 13

Parental
cultural belief systems.

Answer 13

parental
ethnotheories

Question 14

A style of parenting in
which the parent expects
unquestioned obedience and
views the child as needing
to be controlled

Answer 14

authoritarian parents

Question 15

A
style of parenting in which
parents allow children to
regulate their own lives and
provide few firm guidelines.

Answer 15

permissive parents

Question 16

A style of parenting that is
viewed as firm, fair, and
reasonable. This style is
seen as promoting psycho-
logically healthy, competent,
independent children who
are cooperative and at ease
in social situations.

Answer 16

authoritative parents

Question 17

A
style of parenting in which
parents are often too
absorbed in their own lives
to respond appropriately to
their children and may seem
indifferent to them.

Answer 17

uninvolved parents

Question 18

A culture in
which change is slow
and enculturation occurs
primarily by elders trans-
ferring their knowledge to
their children. Elders hold
the knowledge necessary for
becoming a successful and
competent adult.

Answer 18

postfigurative
cultures

Question 19

A culture in which change
occurs rapidly. Both adults
and peers socialize young
people. Young people may
have to turn to one another
for advice and information
in this type of culture.

Answer 19

cofigurative culture

Question 20

A culture that is
changing so rapidly that
young people may be the
ones to teach adults cultural
knowledge.

Answer 20

prefigurative
cultures

Question 21

Bullying
through electronic means,
for example, using the
Internet, social media, or
sending text messages.

Answer 21

cyberbullying

Question 22

(sharing both biological parents),

Answer 22

full siblings

Question 23

(sharing one parent),
and

Answer 23

half siblings

Question 24

(sharing no biological parent)

Answer 24

stepsiblings