Finals Flashcards
A set
of relatively enduring
behavioral and cognitive
characteristics, traits, or
predispositions that people
take with them to different
situations, contexts, and
interactions with others, and
that contribute to differences
among individuals.
personality
A characteristic
or quality distinguishing
a person. It refers to a
consistent pattern of
behavior that a person
would usually display in
relevant circumstances.
trait
Three major perspectives
Psychological
Anthropology
Cross-Cultural
Perspective
Cultural Indigenous
Perspective
The perception that each
culture has a modal
personality type, and that
most persons in that culture
share aspects of it.
national character
Constellations
of personality traits and
characteristics found only
in a specific culture. They
are conceptualizations of
personality developed in a
particular culture that are
specific and relevant only to
that culture.
indigenous personalities
A conceptual
model built around
five distinct and basic
personality traits,
which are neuroticism,
extroversion, openness to
experience, agreeableness,
and conscientiousness.
Cross-cultural research
has demonstrated the
universality of these five
traits in all cultures studied
to date.
five-factor model
(FFM)
Traits Associated with the Five-Factor Model
OCEAN
Openness
Conscientiousness
Extraversion
Agreeableness
Neuroticism
The idea
that groups of individuals
with higher mean levels on
neuroticism (and other traits
and temperaments) banded
together in or migrated to
certain geographic regions
because it was beneficial
for their adaptation to the
environment. This idea was
used to support the reverse
causation hypothesis.
selective
migration
The
hypothesis that the
aggregate levels of traits in a
group influence the culture
produced by that group.
reverse causation
A theoretical frame-
work about the source of
universal personality traits.
The core components of the
FFT are basic tendencies,
characteristic adaptations,
and self-concepts, which are
a subcomponent of charac-
teristic adaptations.
five-factor theory
(FFT)
Internal dispositions to
respond to the environment
in certain, predictable ways.
basic tendencies
Include
habits, attitudes, skills, roles,
and relationships. They are
characteristic because they
reflect the psychological core
personality trait dispositions
of the individual; they are
also adaptations because they
help the individual fit into
the ever-changing social
environment.
characteristic
adaptations
A dimension
of personality found in
studies extending the FFM.
It includes harmony, ren qing
(relationship orientation),
modernization, thrift vs.
extravagance, Ah-Q, and
face.
interpersonal
relatedness
People’s attributions of
control over their behaviors
and relationships as internal
or external to themselves.
locus of control
A type of
control in which the self acts
as an agent and individuals
feel themselves to be more
self-efficacious when their
agency is made explicit,
leading to greater feelings
of autonomy and efficacy.
direct control
