BASTA

Question 1

A
contemporary theoretical
perspective that proposes
that the multiple levels of a
developing child—ranging
from the inner biological to
the psychological, social
relational, and sociocultural
—are inextricably inter-
twined and function as an
integrated system

Answer 1

developmental
contextualism

Question 2

Qualities
of responsiveness to the
environment that exist from
birth and evoke different
reactions from people in the
baby’s world.

Answer 2

temperament

Question 3

A
type of temperament that is
defined by a very regular,
adaptable, mildly intense
style of behavior that is
positive and responsive.

Answer 3

easy temperament

Question 4

A type of temperament
that is characterized by an
intense, irregular, withdraw-
ing style that is generally
marked by negative moods.

Answer 4

difficult temperament

Question 5

A
type of temperament in
which infants need time to
make transitions in activity
and experiences.

Answer 5

slow-to-warm-up

Question 6

How
well a child’s temperament
fits into the expectations and
values of the parents,
environment, and culture

Answer 6

goodness of fit

Question 7

An aspect of temperament
where a child shows signs
of wariness, discomfort, or
distress when confronted
with novel, challenging, or
unfamiliar situations.

Answer 7

behavioral inhibition

Question 8

The special
bond that develops between
infants and their primary
caregiver and provides
infants with emotional
security.

Answer 8

attachment

Question 9

A
style of attachment in which
infants are described as
warm and responsive to
their caregiver.

Answer 9

secure attachment

Question 10

A style of attachment in
which children are uncertain
in their response to their
mothers, going back and
forth between seeking and
shunning her attention.

Answer 10

ambivalent attachment

Question 11

A style of attachment in
which children shun their
mothers, who are suspected
of being intrusive and
overstimulating.

Answer 11

avoidant attachment

Question 12

Three Cultural Models of Attachment

Answer 12

Psychological
Autonomy
Hierarchical
Relatedness
Hybrid

Question 13

There are strong
emotional bonds
between infants and
one or a few caregivers.
Infants are
conceptualized as
autonomous, unique
individuals.

Answer 13

Psychological Autonomy

Question 14

Infants in this cultural
environment have a
sense of security not
based on a specic
caregiver or relationship,
but security within a
network of community
members.

Answer 14

Hierarchical
Relatedness

Question 15

This cultural model
emphasizes unique
attachment relationships
with one or few
caregivers and at the
same time, view the
social community as
another integral part of
the network of
attachment.

Answer 15

Hybrid

Question 16

A specialty in psychology
that studies how thinking
skills develop over time.
The major theory of cogni-
tive development is that of
Piaget.

Answer 16

cognitive development

Question 17

Piaget’s Four Stages of Cognitive Development

Answer 17

Sensorimotor
Stage
Preoperational
Stage
Operational
Stage
Formal
Operational
Stage

Question 18

• Children
understand
the world
through their
sensory
perceptions
and motor
behaviors.

Answer 18

Sensorimotor
Stage

Question 19

• Children use
symbols,
such as
language, to
understand
the world
around them.

Answer 19

Preoperational
Stage

Question 20

• Children
develop the
ability
to think
logically
about
concrete
objects.

Answer 20

Operational
Stage

Question 21

• Individuals
develop the
ability to
think logically
about
abstract
concepts.

Answer 21

Formal
Operational
Stage

Question 22

An
awareness that physical
quantities remain the same
even when they change
shape or appearance.

Answer 22

conservation

Question 23

The tendency
to focus on a single aspect of
a problem.

Answer 23

centration

Question 24

The
inability to imagine
“undoing” a process.

Answer 24

irreversibility

Question 25

The inability
to step into another’s shoes
and understand the other
person’s point of view.

Answer 25

egocentrism

Question 26

The belief that
all things, including inani-
mate objects, are alive.

Answer 26

animism

Question 27

The process
of fitting new ideas into a
preexisting understanding
of the world.

Answer 27

assimilation

Question 28

The process
of fitting new ideas into a
preexisting understanding
of the world.

Answer 28

assimilation

Question 29

The
process of changing one’s
understanding of the world
to accommodate ideas
that conflict with existing
concepts.

Answer 29

accommodation

Question 30

The gap
between the actual develop-
mental level of a child and
the potential developmental
level that the child is capable
of, with some assistance by
more knowledgeable others
(such as parent, teacher, or
more experienced peers).

Answer 30

zone of proximal
development

Question 31

The first stage of
Kohlberg’s theory of moral
development, emphasizing
compliance with rules to
avoid punishment and gain
rewards.

Answer 31

preconventional
morality

Question 32

The second stage of
Kohlberg’s theory of moral
development, emphasizing
conformity to rules that are
defined by others’ approval
or society’s rules.

Answer 32

conventional morality

Question 33

The third stage
of Kohlberg’s theory of moral
development, emphasizing
moral reasoning on the basis
of individual principles and
conscience.

Answer 33

postconventional
morality

Question 34

Moral reasoning that
emphasizes individual
rights and justice. Individual
choices and freedoms are
important to the extent that
they do not harm others
and others’ choices and
freedoms.

Answer 34

ethic of autonomy

Question 35

Moral reasoning that
emphasizes interpersonal
relationships and community.
One’s duties, obligations, and
roles within the group are
highlighted.

Answer 35

ethic of community

Question 36

Moral
reasoning that emphasizes
the centrality of religious
beliefs and spirituality.

Answer 36

ethic of divinity