prelim radposi lec Flashcards
is a term that describe CR angles or relationships between both parts often are related to imaginary planes that pass through the body in the anatomic position.
Body Planes
is a reference position that defines specific surfaces and planes of the body. The anatomic position describes the body in erect feet together straight ahead, arms slightly abducted with palms facing forward.
Anatomic Position
anatomic position describes the body
in erect feet together straight ahead, arms slightly abducted with palms facing forward
is the plane which divides the body into equal right and left halves.
Median or Mid-Sagittal plane
is any longitudinal plane that divides the body into right and left portion
Sagittal Plane
Horizontal Plane is any transverse plane that passes through the body at right angles to a longitudinal plane dividing the body into superior and inferior portion. It is perpendicular to both WHAT
frontal and median plane.
is any plane that transects the pelvis at the top of the iliac crests at the level of the 4th spinous process (L4).
Inter-Iliac Plane
divides the body into approximately equal anterior and posterior portion
Mid-Coronal Plane
is any longitudinal plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior portion. It is a vertical plane at right angle to median plane. It is also known as frontal plane.
Coronal Plane
is any plane that can pass through a body part at any angles between three planes.
Oblique Plane
is any transverse plane that passes through the body at right angles to a longitudinal plane dividing the body into superior and inferior portion. It is perpendicular to both frontal and median plane.
Horizontal Plane
LEFT HYPOCHONDRIAC INCLUDES:
Descending colon, liver, left kidney, small intestine, spleen, stomach and transverse colon
The 4 abdominal quadrants have very easy lines to remember. One line is vertical and it is on the midline, which divides
the body into left and right
umbilical INCLUDES:
Cisterna chyli, pancreas, r & l kidneys, r &l ureters, smal intestine, stomach, and transverse colon
Thoracic area: T4, T5
level of sternal angle
Inter-Iliac Plane is any plane that transects the pelvis at the top of the iliac crests at the level of the
level of the 4th spinous process (L4
The 4 abdominal quadrants have very easy lines to remember.. The other line divides the body into
superior and inferior intersecting the midline of the body into the visible landmark
right lumbar INCLUDES:
Ascending colon, gall bladder, liver, right kidneY
The abdomen is divided into
4 quadrants or 9 regions
RIGHT HYPOCHONDRIAC INCLUDES:
Ascending colon, gall bladder, liver, right kidney, small intestine and transverse colon
left iliac includes:
left fallopian tube, left ovary, small intestine, descending colon, sigmoid colon
EPIGASTRIC INCLUDE:
Esophagus, liver, pancreas, r & l adrenal glands, r& l kidneys, small intestine, spleen, stomach, transverse colon
right iliac includes:
appendix, cecum & ascending colon, right fallpoian tube, right ovary, small intestine
hypogastric includes:
prostate, rectum, r & l fallpo. tube, r & l ovaries, r & l ureters, seminal vessicle (m), sigmoid colon, small intestine, urinary bladder, uterus, vas deferens
Cervical area: C5
thyroid cartilage (madali maidentify in men bc sa adam’s apple)
left lumbar includes:
Descending colon, left kidney, small intestine
Cervical area: C7, T1
vertebra prominens
Cervical area: C3, C4
hyoid bone (floating bone)
External landmarks related to body structure at the same level
SURFACE LANDMARKS
Lumbar area: L4
most superior aspect of iliac crest
Thoracic area: T1
approximately 5cm (2”) above level of jugular notch
Cervical area: C1
Mastoid tip
Cervical area: C2, C3
gonion
Thoracic area: T4, T5
level of sternal angle
Sacrum and pelvic area: S1, S2
anterior Superior Iliac Spine
means towards the front.
Anterior /Ventral
Thoracic area: T2, T3
level of jugular notch
Thoracic area: T7
level of inferior angle of scapulae
Thoracic area: T9, T10
level of xiphoid tip
means towards the back.
Posterior/ Dorsal
Lumbar area: L2, L3
costal margin/last rib
The common variations in the shape of the human body. the specific type of body habitus is important in radiography because it determines the size, shape and position of the thoracic and abdominal cavities
BODY HABITUS
Lumbar area: L3, L4
umbilicus
Sacrum and pelvic area: Coccyx
symphysis pubis / greater trochanter
BODY HABITUS
The common variations in the shape of the human body. the specific type of body habitus is important in radiography because it determines the
the size, shape and position of the thoracic and abdominal cavities.
in radiography because it determines the size, shape and position of the thoracic and abdominal cavities. It directly affects the position of the following organs:
Heart
Lungs
Diaphragm
Large intestines
Stomach
Gall bladder
means towards the head.
Superior
means away from the median plane (away from the middle of the body)
Lateral
means towards the feet.
Inferior
refers to the direction toward the head end.
Cephalad/Cephalic/Cranially
refers to parts closer or near the source or beginning; part closer to the center, midline or trunk.
Proximal
means towards the median plane (near the middle of the body).
Medial
away from the skin surface.
Deep
refers to parts away from the source or beginning; part away from the center, midline or trunk.
Distal
surface refers to the top or anterior surface of the foot.
Dorsum /Dorsal
refers to part near the skin surface.; toward or on the surface
Superficial
refers to the same side of the body.
Ipsilateral
refers to the direction toward the feet or tail end.
Caudal/Caudad
something that is situated on or near the outside.
interior/Internal/inside
refers to the opposite side of the body.
Contralateral
refers to both side of the body
Bilateral
refers to the palm of the hand; in anatomic position, it is the ventral or anterior surface of the hand.
Palmar surface
Thoracic Cavity –surrounded by the rib cage and is separated from the abdominal cavity by the muscular diaphragm; divided into right and left parts by a median structure called
the mediastinum
BODY CAVITIES
Thoracic Cavity
Abdominal Cavity
Pelvic Cavity
refers to one side of the body.
Unilateral
refers to the sole or posterior surface of the foot.
Plantar
Allergic Reactions:
2nd Degree
Hypotension
Bradycardia
Dyspnea
Thoracic Cavity –surrounded by the rib cage and is separated from the abdominal cavity by the muscular diaphragm; divided into right and left parts by a median structure called the mediastinum it also includes the
Pleural membrane
Lungs
Trachea
Esophagus
Pericardium
Heart & Great vessels
bounded by the sternum anteriorly, lungs laterally and vertebral column posteriorly. Contains all the thoracic structures except the lungs and pleura.
Mediastinum
Pelvic Cavity –a small space enclosed by the bones of the pelvis and contains the;
urinary bladder
part of the large intestine
the internal reproductive organs.
surrounded by the rib cage and is separated from the abdominal cavity by the muscular diaphragm; divided into right and left parts by a median structure called the mediastinum
Thoracic Cavity
what cavity bounded primarily by the abdominal muscles
Abdominal Cavity
Abdominal Cavity – bounded primarily by the abdominal muscles and contains the;
Stomach
Liver
Pancreas
Peritoneum
Major blood vessels
Intestines
Spleen
Kidneys
Ureters
Allergic Reactions:
1st Degree
Sneezing
Chills
Coughing
Itching
Yawning
Urticaria
Reddening of the skin
Slight fever
Nausea & vomiting
any apparent abnormality that mightaffect the radiographic results.
Chief complaint.
Allergic history
Laboratory results if possible
Jaundice in gall bladder examination
Body surface masses for technical considerations
Tattoos that contain ferrous pigment
Surface scars
Decorative or ornamental t-shirts
what cavity a small space enclosed by the bones of the pelvis
Pelvic Cavity
For out-Patient
Evidence to confirm Identity
Name
Gender
Assigned Imaging Number
Date of Birth
Address
Verification of Procedures
Check the patient request form,
Identify the name of the patient who will receive imaging procedures,
Check the patient request form if the name matches with the patient present in the imaging department, and
Check specific examination on the x-ray request form (if in-patient, double check doctors order on the patient chart)
The immune system normally protects the body from harmful agents such as bacteria and toxins. Its over- reaction to a harmless substance (allergen) is called
hypersensitivity reaction or allergic reaction.
is the easiest and most convenient method of preventing the spread of microorganisms
Handwashing
Are designed to reduce the risk of transmission of unrecognized sources of blood -borne and other pathogens in health care institutions.
Standard precautions
.ᐟ Rules to Remember
Know the patient.
Recognize that there is a problem’
Be prepared to deliver treatment quickly and know when to call for help. Evaluate the situation, categorize the type of adverse reaction and determine if its mild or severe.
Allergic Reactions:
3rd Degree
Shock
Tachycardia
Convulsion
Massive Hypotension
Bronchospasm
Lung edema
Stridor-abnormal breathing occuring when the larynx & trachea are obstructed.
Asthma attack
Allergic Reactions:
4th Degree
Circulatory arrest
Respiratory arrest
Standard precautions are designed to reduce the risk of transmission of unrecognized sources of blood -borne and other pathogens in health care institutions.
It applies to;
Blood
All body fluids
Secretions & excretions
Non intact skin
Mucous membranes
In diagnostic radiography, the IR will be one of the following devices;
Cassette with Film
Image Plate
Solid State Detectors
Portable Digital Radiography
Fluoroscopic Screen
is the process of recording an image of a body part using one or more types of Image Receptors.
Radiography
Expiration (Exhalation)
elevates the diaphragm and abdominal viscera
shortens the lung fields
depresses the sternum
lowers the ribs and increases their angle near the spine
A flat panel thin film transistor (TFT) detector or charge- coupled device (CCD) used for direct Digital Radiography (DR)(cassette less). The fastest processing system with image available in 6 seconds or less.
Solid State Detectors
Inspiration (Inhalation)
Depresses the diaphragm and abdominal viscera,
lengthens and expands the lung fields
elevates the sternum and pushes it anteriorly
elevates the ribs and reduces their angle near the spine
Radiograph is the end result of an exacting technical procedure; permanent record of the part under study.
(1) If the radiograph is produced with the use of traditional film-screen technology, the image is stored and displayed on film;
(2) if the radiograph is produced via digital technology, the image is viewed and stored using computers.
A device that contains special screen that glow when struck by x-ray and imprints the x-ray image on film.
Cassette with Film
is the term applied to a health professional’s moral responsibility and the science of appropriate conduct toward others. The work of the medical professional requires strict rules of conduct.
Ethics
where the image is formed and is transmitted to a television monitor via a camera. This is a “real time” device.
Fluoroscopic Screen
is the device that receives the energy of the x-ray beam and forms the image of the body part.
Image Receptor (IR)
is the end result of an exacting technical procedure; permanent record of the part under study.
Radiograph
The radiographer should study radiographs from the following standpoints;
Superimposition
Adjacent structures
Optical Density (OD)
Contrast
Recorded Detail
Magnification
Shape Distortion
A device used for Computed Radiography (CR) similar to a conventional intensifying screen housed in special cassette that contains special phosphorous that store the x-ray image, inserted into a reader device which scans the IP with a laser. The radiographic image is then converted to digital format and is viewed on a computer monitor or printed out on film.
Image Plate
Relationship of the anatomic superimposition to size. shape. position must be reviewed.
Superimposition
can be used for lateral or axial imaging of limbs and for trauma and bedside application. The image can be transported through wireless transmission.
Portable Digital Radiography
Difference in density between two areas in radiograph and must be sufficient to allow radiographic distinction of adjacent structures with different tissue densities.
Contrast
The ability to visualize small structures and must be sufficient to clearly demonstrate the desired anatomic part.
Recorded Detail
Anatomic structure must be compared with adjacent structure’s to ensure that structure is present or properly visible.
Adjacent structures
The ability to visualize small structures and must be sufficient to clearly demonstrate the desired anatomic part includes the:
Geometry - technical factor
Film
IP phosphor (digital)
Flat panel detector (digital)
Distance
Screen
Focal spot size - source of radiograph (small focal spot usually used, large focal spot produce sharpness)
Motion
Density must be within the diagnostic range.
Optical Density (OD)
is used in two ways; first as general body position and specific body position. - malapit sa surface ng IR
Position
UNDUE CHANGES IN THE SIZE AND SHAPE OF STUDY OF THE PART UNDER STUDY
Shape Distortion
two types of Magnification - undue changes in the size of study part of the body
Object-to-Image-Receptor distance (OID) (common, layo ng kinukuha sa IR)
Source-to-Image-Receptor distance (SID)
Shape Distortion includes ythe:
Alignment
Central Ray
Anatomic part
IR
Anatomic part
Angulation
lying on abdomen facing downward (head may be turned to one side).
Prone
UNDUE CHANGES IN THE SHAPE OF STUDY OF THE PART UNDER STUDY
DISTORTION
lying on back facing upward.
Supine
lying down in anposition (prone, lateral supine) - always perpendicular to central ray
Recumbent
All radiographs must include the following information;
Patients’ name
Date of examination
Marker (R or L)
Institution identity
X-ray number
Age
a recumbent position with the body tilted with head higher than the feet.
Fowlers
lying on side (lying on right or left), cr is perp,
Lateral recumbent
upright position to stand or sit or erect.
Erect
a recumbent position with the body tilted with head lower than the feet.
Trendelenburg
a recumbent oblique position (semi-prone) with the patient lying on the anterior side with the right knee and thigh flexed and the left arm extended down behind the back. (usually this position used for barium enema tip)
SIM’S POSITION
is named by the side closer to the IR or the body part from which the CR exits.
Lateral
lying on back (supine)
Dorsal recumbent
Sims’ position - a recumbent oblique position (semi-prone) with the patient lying on the anterior side with the right knee and thigh flexed and the left arm extended down behind the back. (usually this position used for what
barium enema tip
lying face down (prone) enter in dorsal exit in ventral
Ventral recumbent
position where the knees are as closed as possible to the chest (intrathecal usually a spinal procedure to widen the vertebral spaces)
Genu Pectoral/Knee Chest
a supine position with the hips and knees flexed and thigh abducted and rotated externally supported by the ankle.
Lithotomy
what position assumed in “lying down”. Always performed with the CR horizontal.
Decubitus position
refers to an angled position in which neither the sagittal nor the coronal body plane is perpendicular or at right angle to the IR.
Oblique position
is the process of recording a body part to an image receptor. It describes the direction or the path of the CR of the x-ray beam as it passes through the patient projecting an image on to the IR. (ENTRANCE AND EXIT POINT), SURFACE NA MALAPIT SA XRAY TUBE.
Radiographic Projections
when the cr scheme to free from body part to free from superimposition
Tangential/Axial/Method
different types of projections
View
AP projection
PA projection
AP Oblique projection
PA Oblique projection
Lateromedial
Mediolateral
Tangential/Axial/Method
AP Axial-Lordotic
Infero-superior axial projection -
Supero-inferior axial projection
Dorsoplantar projection
Plantodorsal projection
Parieto-acanthial projection
Acanthio-parietal projection -
Submento-vertico
Vertico-submento
image obtained when the cr is angled, if more than 10 degrees, the special position where determined if there is any suspicious density especially in the apical position if the presence on the lungs
AP Axial-Lordotic
projection of feet
Dorsoplantar projection
a movement by which the angle of a joint is decreased.
Flexion
forcible overflexion of a limb or part.
Hyperflexion
a movement by which the angle of a joint is increased
Extension
extending a joint beyond the straight or neutral position.
Hyperextension
movement toward the central axis
Adduction
anterior movement of an anatomical part, particularly the scapula forward, shoulder patalikod retraction
Protraction
This movement also occurs in the forearm whereby the palm is turned forwards
Supination
movement away from the central axis
Abduction
This movement occurs in the forearm whereby the palm is turned backwards
Pronation
to turn or to bend the hand or wrist from the natural position toward the ulnar side.
Ulnar Deviation
movement in a superior direction
Elevation
posterior movement of an anatomical part, particularly the scapula
Retraction
to turn or to bend the hand or wrist from the natural position toward the radial side.
Radial Deviation
movement in an inferior direction
Depression
movement of foot towards the leg
Dorsiflexion
movement of a limb in a circular manner
Circumduction
movement of the foot towards the floor
Plantarflexion
outward stress movement of the foot at the ankle joint.
Eversion
inward stress movement of the foot as applied to the foot without rotation of the leg.
Inversion
describes the bending of a part inward or toward the midline. The term varus is sometimes used to describe inversion stress
Varus
describes bending of a part away from the midline; sometimes used to describe eversion stress
Valgus
The greater the SID
the less the body part is magnified and the greater the recorded detail will be.
Increasing the SID, requires that the mAs be
increased to maintain exposure to the IR, and decreasing the SID requires a decrease in the mAs to maintain exposure to the IR.
As SID increases
the x-ray beam intensity is spread over a large area. This decreases the overall intensity of the x-ray beam reaching the IR.
is an unnecessary movement of the part under study.
Motion
Central or principal beam of x-rays, simply referred to as the central ray (CR) is always centered to the IR unless receptor displacement is being used.
Tube Film Alignment/Central Ray
The 3 types of muscular tissue that affect motion are:
Smooth (Involuntary muscle) with motion caused by the following;
Heart pulsation
Chill
Peristalsis
Tremor
Spasm
Pain
Cardiac (Involuntary muscle)
Striated (Voluntary muscle) with motion resulting to
lack of control.
Nervousness
Discomfort
Excitability
Mental illness
Fear
Age
Breathing
How to Control Motion?
Giving clear instructions
Providing patient comfort
Adjusting support/immobilization devices
a. Sponge
b. Foam wedge
c. Sandbags
Use fast exposure time
Accessory Equipments
Lead Gown
Illuminator (Negatoscope)
Lead Gloves
Caliper
Lead Markers
Densitometer
Lead Strips
IR holders
Five Functions in Radiographic Examination
- Positioning the body part and alignment of CR & IR.
- Application of radiation protection measures and devices.
- Selection of exposure factors on the control panel.
- Instructions to the patient related to respiration and initiation of x-ray procedure.
- Processing of the IR.
elevates the diaphragm and abdominal viscera, shortens the Lung fields, depresses the sternum, and lowers the ribs and Increases their angle near the spine.
Expiration/Exhalation
2 Pre-exposure Instruction
- Inspiration/Inhalation
- Expiration/Exhalation
depresses the diaphragm and abdominal viscera, lengthens and expands the lung fields, elevates the sternum and pushes it anteriorly, and elevates the ribs and reduces their angle near the spine.
Inspiration/Inhalation
Guidelines in using gonadal shield.
- If the gonads lie, within or close to the primary x-ray field (about 5 cm) despite proper beam limitation.
- If the clinical objective of the examination is not compromised.
- If the patient has a reasonable reproductive potential.
Basic marker should;
Never obscure anatomy.
Never be placed over the patients identification information.
Always be placed on the edge of the collimator border.
Always be placed outside of any lead shielding.
Reducing patient dose.
- Use high kVp technique.
- Record fluoroscopic x-ray beam on time if it exceeds 20 minutes.
- Use gonad shielding when such use will not interfere with the examination.
- Make sure that the patient is properly prepared so that repeat examination is not necessary.
- If the patient thinks she maybe pregnant, consult the radiologist before continuing the examination.
Conditions that require an increase in technical factor
Pneumonia
Pleural Effusion
Hydrocephalus
Enlarged Heart
Edema
Ascites
X-ray beam restriction serve two purposes;
- It minimizes the amount of radiation to the patient and reduces the amount of scattered radiation that can reach the IR.
- It produces radiograph that demonstrate excellent recorded detail and increase radiographic contrast by reducing scatter radiation thereby producing a shorter scale of contrast and preventing secondary radiation from unnecessarily exposing surrounding tissues with resultant image fogging.
Conditions that require a decrease in technical factor.
Old age
Pneumothorax
Emaciation
Emphysema
Degenerative Arthritis
Atrophy
is then converted to digital format and is viewed on a computer monitor or printed out on film.
radiographic image
is then converted to digital format and is viewed on a computer monitor or printed out on film.
radiographic image
