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BAWAL NA TECHNIQUE > prelim radposi lec > Flashcards

prelim radposi lec Flashcards

1
Q

is a term that describe CR angles or relationships between both parts often are related to imaginary planes that pass through the body in the anatomic position.

A

Body Planes

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2
Q

is a reference position that defines specific surfaces and planes of the body. The anatomic position describes the body in erect feet together straight ahead, arms slightly abducted with palms facing forward.

A

Anatomic Position

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3
Q

anatomic position describes the body

A

in erect feet together straight ahead, arms slightly abducted with palms facing forward

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4
Q

is the plane which divides the body into equal right and left halves.

A

Median or Mid-Sagittal plane

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5
Q

is any longitudinal plane that divides the body into right and left portion

A

Sagittal Plane

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6
Q

Horizontal Plane is any transverse plane that passes through the body at right angles to a longitudinal plane dividing the body into superior and inferior portion. It is perpendicular to both WHAT

A

frontal and median plane.

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7
Q

is any plane that transects the pelvis at the top of the iliac crests at the level of the 4th spinous process (L4).

A

Inter-Iliac Plane

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8
Q

divides the body into approximately equal anterior and posterior portion

A

Mid-Coronal Plane

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9
Q

is any longitudinal plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior portion. It is a vertical plane at right angle to median plane. It is also known as frontal plane.

A

Coronal Plane

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10
Q

is any plane that can pass through a body part at any angles between three planes.

A

Oblique Plane

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11
Q

is any transverse plane that passes through the body at right angles to a longitudinal plane dividing the body into superior and inferior portion. It is perpendicular to both frontal and median plane.

A

Horizontal Plane

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12
Q

LEFT HYPOCHONDRIAC INCLUDES:

A

Descending colon, liver, left kidney, small intestine, spleen, stomach and transverse colon

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13
Q

The 4 abdominal quadrants have very easy lines to remember. One line is vertical and it is on the midline, which divides

A

the body into left and right

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14
Q

umbilical INCLUDES:

A

Cisterna chyli, pancreas, r & l kidneys, r &l ureters, smal intestine, stomach, and transverse colon

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15
Q

Thoracic area: T4, T5

A

level of sternal angle

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16
Q

Inter-Iliac Plane is any plane that transects the pelvis at the top of the iliac crests at the level of the

A

level of the 4th spinous process (L4

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17
Q

The 4 abdominal quadrants have very easy lines to remember.. The other line divides the body into

A

superior and inferior intersecting the midline of the body into the visible landmark

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18
Q

right lumbar INCLUDES:

A

Ascending colon, gall bladder, liver, right kidneY

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19
Q

The abdomen is divided into

A

4 quadrants or 9 regions

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20
Q

RIGHT HYPOCHONDRIAC INCLUDES:

A

Ascending colon, gall bladder, liver, right kidney, small intestine and transverse colon

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21
Q

left iliac includes:

A

left fallopian tube, left ovary, small intestine, descending colon, sigmoid colon

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22
Q

EPIGASTRIC INCLUDE:

A

Esophagus, liver, pancreas, r & l adrenal glands, r& l kidneys, small intestine, spleen, stomach, transverse colon

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23
Q

right iliac includes:

A

appendix, cecum & ascending colon, right fallpoian tube, right ovary, small intestine

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24
Q

hypogastric includes:

A

prostate, rectum, r & l fallpo. tube, r & l ovaries, r & l ureters, seminal vessicle (m), sigmoid colon, small intestine, urinary bladder, uterus, vas deferens

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25
Q

Cervical area: C5

A

thyroid cartilage (madali maidentify in men bc sa adam’s apple)

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26
Q

left lumbar includes:

A

Descending colon, left kidney, small intestine

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27
Q

Cervical area: C7, T1

A

vertebra prominens

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28
Q

Cervical area: C3, C4

A

hyoid bone (floating bone)

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29
Q

External landmarks related to body structure at the same level

A

SURFACE LANDMARKS

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30
Q

Lumbar area: L4

A

most superior aspect of iliac crest

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31
Q

Thoracic area: T1

A

approximately 5cm (2”) above level of jugular notch

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32
Q

Cervical area: C1

A

Mastoid tip

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33
Q

Cervical area: C2, C3

A

gonion

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34
Q

Thoracic area: T4, T5

A

level of sternal angle

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35
Q

Sacrum and pelvic area: S1, S2

A

anterior Superior Iliac Spine

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36
Q

means towards the front.

A

Anterior /Ventral

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37
Q

Thoracic area: T2, T3

A

level of jugular notch

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38
Q

Thoracic area: T7

A

level of inferior angle of scapulae

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39
Q

Thoracic area: T9, T10

A

level of xiphoid tip

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40
Q

means towards the back.

A

Posterior/ Dorsal

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41
Q

Lumbar area: L2, L3

A

costal margin/last rib

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42
Q

The common variations in the shape of the human body. the specific type of body habitus is important in radiography because it determines the size, shape and position of the thoracic and abdominal cavities

A

BODY HABITUS

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43
Q

Lumbar area: L3, L4

A

umbilicus

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44
Q

Sacrum and pelvic area: Coccyx

A

symphysis pubis / greater trochanter

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45
Q

BODY HABITUS

The common variations in the shape of the human body. the specific type of body habitus is important in radiography because it determines the

A

the size, shape and position of the thoracic and abdominal cavities.

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46
Q

in radiography because it determines the size, shape and position of the thoracic and abdominal cavities. It directly affects the position of the following organs:

A

Heart
Lungs
Diaphragm
Large intestines
Stomach
Gall bladder

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47
Q

means towards the head.

A

Superior

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48
Q

means away from the median plane (away from the middle of the body)

A

Lateral

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49
Q

means towards the feet.

A

Inferior

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50
Q

refers to the direction toward the head end.

A

Cephalad/Cephalic/Cranially

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51
Q

refers to parts closer or near the source or beginning; part closer to the center, midline or trunk.

A

Proximal

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52
Q

means towards the median plane (near the middle of the body).

A

Medial

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53
Q

away from the skin surface.

A

Deep

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54
Q

refers to parts away from the source or beginning; part away from the center, midline or trunk.

A

Distal

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55
Q

surface refers to the top or anterior surface of the foot.

A

Dorsum /Dorsal

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56
Q

refers to part near the skin surface.; toward or on the surface

A

Superficial

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57
Q

refers to the same side of the body.

A

Ipsilateral

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58
Q

refers to the direction toward the feet or tail end.

A

Caudal/Caudad

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59
Q

something that is situated on or near the outside.

A

interior/Internal/inside

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60
Q

refers to the opposite side of the body.

A

Contralateral

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61
Q

refers to both side of the body

A

Bilateral

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62
Q

refers to the palm of the hand; in anatomic position, it is the ventral or anterior surface of the hand.

A

Palmar surface

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63
Q

Thoracic Cavity –surrounded by the rib cage and is separated from the abdominal cavity by the muscular diaphragm; divided into right and left parts by a median structure called

A

the mediastinum

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64
Q

BODY CAVITIES

A

Thoracic Cavity

Abdominal Cavity

Pelvic Cavity

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65
Q

refers to one side of the body.

A

Unilateral

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66
Q

refers to the sole or posterior surface of the foot.

A

Plantar

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67
Q

Allergic Reactions:

2nd Degree

A

Hypotension
Bradycardia
Dyspnea

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68
Q

Thoracic Cavity –surrounded by the rib cage and is separated from the abdominal cavity by the muscular diaphragm; divided into right and left parts by a median structure called the mediastinum it also includes the

A

Pleural membrane
Lungs
Trachea
Esophagus
Pericardium
Heart & Great vessels

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69
Q

bounded by the sternum anteriorly, lungs laterally and vertebral column posteriorly. Contains all the thoracic structures except the lungs and pleura.

A

Mediastinum

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70
Q

Pelvic Cavity –a small space enclosed by the bones of the pelvis and contains the;

A

urinary bladder
part of the large intestine
the internal reproductive organs.

71
Q

surrounded by the rib cage and is separated from the abdominal cavity by the muscular diaphragm; divided into right and left parts by a median structure called the mediastinum

A

Thoracic Cavity

72
Q

what cavity bounded primarily by the abdominal muscles

A

Abdominal Cavity

73
Q

Abdominal Cavity – bounded primarily by the abdominal muscles and contains the;

A

Stomach
Liver
Pancreas
Peritoneum
Major blood vessels
Intestines
Spleen
Kidneys
Ureters

74
Q

Allergic Reactions:

1st Degree

A

Sneezing
Chills
Coughing
Itching
Yawning
Urticaria
Reddening of the skin
Slight fever
Nausea & vomiting

75
Q

any apparent abnormality that mightaffect the radiographic results.

A

Chief complaint.
Allergic history
Laboratory results if possible
Jaundice in gall bladder examination
Body surface masses for technical considerations
Tattoos that contain ferrous pigment
Surface scars
Decorative or ornamental t-shirts

76
Q

what cavity a small space enclosed by the bones of the pelvis

A

Pelvic Cavity

77
Q

For out-Patient

Evidence to confirm Identity

A

Name
Gender
Assigned Imaging Number
Date of Birth
Address

78
Q

Verification of Procedures

A

Check the patient request form,
Identify the name of the patient who will receive imaging procedures,
Check the patient request form if the name matches with the patient present in the imaging department, and
Check specific examination on the x-ray request form (if in-patient, double check doctors order on the patient chart)

79
Q

The immune system normally protects the body from harmful agents such as bacteria and toxins. Its over- reaction to a harmless substance (allergen) is called

A

hypersensitivity reaction or allergic reaction.

80
Q

is the easiest and most convenient method of preventing the spread of microorganisms

A

Handwashing

81
Q

Are designed to reduce the risk of transmission of unrecognized sources of blood -borne and other pathogens in health care institutions.

A

Standard precautions

82
Q

.ᐟ Rules to Remember

A

Know the patient.
Recognize that there is a problem’
Be prepared to deliver treatment quickly and know when to call for help. Evaluate the situation, categorize the type of adverse reaction and determine if its mild or severe.

83
Q

Allergic Reactions:

3rd Degree

A

Shock
Tachycardia
Convulsion
Massive Hypotension
Bronchospasm
Lung edema
Stridor-abnormal breathing occuring when the larynx & trachea are obstructed.
Asthma attack

84
Q

Allergic Reactions:

4th Degree

A

Circulatory arrest
Respiratory arrest

85
Q

Standard precautions are designed to reduce the risk of transmission of unrecognized sources of blood -borne and other pathogens in health care institutions.

It applies to;

A

Blood
All body fluids
Secretions & excretions
Non intact skin
Mucous membranes

86
Q

In diagnostic radiography, the IR will be one of the following devices;

A

Cassette with Film

Image Plate

Solid State Detectors

Portable Digital Radiography

Fluoroscopic Screen

87
Q

is the process of recording an image of a body part using one or more types of Image Receptors.

A

Radiography

88
Q

Expiration (Exhalation)

A

elevates the diaphragm and abdominal viscera
shortens the lung fields
depresses the sternum
lowers the ribs and increases their angle near the spine

89
Q

A flat panel thin film transistor (TFT) detector or charge- coupled device (CCD) used for direct Digital Radiography (DR)(cassette less). The fastest processing system with image available in 6 seconds or less.

A

Solid State Detectors

90
Q

Inspiration (Inhalation)

A

Depresses the diaphragm and abdominal viscera,
lengthens and expands the lung fields
elevates the sternum and pushes it anteriorly
elevates the ribs and reduces their angle near the spine

91
Q

Radiograph is the end result of an exacting technical procedure; permanent record of the part under study.

A

(1) If the radiograph is produced with the use of traditional film-screen technology, the image is stored and displayed on film;

(2) if the radiograph is produced via digital technology, the image is viewed and stored using computers.

92
Q

A device that contains special screen that glow when struck by x-ray and imprints the x-ray image on film.

A

Cassette with Film

93
Q

is the term applied to a health professional’s moral responsibility and the science of appropriate conduct toward others. The work of the medical professional requires strict rules of conduct.

A

Ethics

94
Q

where the image is formed and is transmitted to a television monitor via a camera. This is a “real time” device.

A

Fluoroscopic Screen

95
Q

is the device that receives the energy of the x-ray beam and forms the image of the body part.

A

Image Receptor (IR)

96
Q

is the end result of an exacting technical procedure; permanent record of the part under study.

A

Radiograph

97
Q

The radiographer should study radiographs from the following standpoints;

A

Superimposition

Adjacent structures

Optical Density (OD)

Contrast

Recorded Detail

Magnification

Shape Distortion

98
Q

A device used for Computed Radiography (CR) similar to a conventional intensifying screen housed in special cassette that contains special phosphorous that store the x-ray image, inserted into a reader device which scans the IP with a laser. The radiographic image is then converted to digital format and is viewed on a computer monitor or printed out on film.

A

Image Plate

99
Q

Relationship of the anatomic superimposition to size. shape. position must be reviewed.

A

Superimposition

100
Q

can be used for lateral or axial imaging of limbs and for trauma and bedside application. The image can be transported through wireless transmission.

A

Portable Digital Radiography

101
Q

Difference in density between two areas in radiograph and must be sufficient to allow radiographic distinction of adjacent structures with different tissue densities.

A

Contrast

102
Q

The ability to visualize small structures and must be sufficient to clearly demonstrate the desired anatomic part.

A

Recorded Detail

103
Q

Anatomic structure must be compared with adjacent structure’s to ensure that structure is present or properly visible.

A

Adjacent structures

104
Q

The ability to visualize small structures and must be sufficient to clearly demonstrate the desired anatomic part includes the:

A

Geometry - technical factor
Film
IP phosphor (digital)
Flat panel detector (digital)
Distance
Screen
Focal spot size - source of radiograph (small focal spot usually used, large focal spot produce sharpness)
Motion

105
Q

Density must be within the diagnostic range.

A

Optical Density (OD)

106
Q

is used in two ways; first as general body position and specific body position. - malapit sa surface ng IR

A

Position

107
Q

UNDUE CHANGES IN THE SIZE AND SHAPE OF STUDY OF THE PART UNDER STUDY

A

Shape Distortion

108
Q

two types of Magnification - undue changes in the size of study part of the body

A

Object-to-Image-Receptor distance (OID) (common, layo ng kinukuha sa IR)
Source-to-Image-Receptor distance (SID)

109
Q

Shape Distortion includes ythe:

A

Alignment
Central Ray
Anatomic part
IR
Anatomic part
Angulation

110
Q

lying on abdomen facing downward (head may be turned to one side).

A

Prone

111
Q

UNDUE CHANGES IN THE SHAPE OF STUDY OF THE PART UNDER STUDY

A

DISTORTION

112
Q

lying on back facing upward.

A

Supine

113
Q

lying down in anposition (prone, lateral supine) - always perpendicular to central ray

A

Recumbent

114
Q

All radiographs must include the following information;

A

Patients’ name
Date of examination
Marker (R or L)
Institution identity
X-ray number
Age

115
Q

a recumbent position with the body tilted with head higher than the feet.

A

Fowlers

116
Q

lying on side (lying on right or left), cr is perp,

A

Lateral recumbent

117
Q

upright position to stand or sit or erect.

A

Erect

118
Q

a recumbent position with the body tilted with head lower than the feet.

A

Trendelenburg

119
Q

a recumbent oblique position (semi-prone) with the patient lying on the anterior side with the right knee and thigh flexed and the left arm extended down behind the back. (usually this position used for barium enema tip)

A

SIM’S POSITION

120
Q

is named by the side closer to the IR or the body part from which the CR exits.

A

Lateral

121
Q

lying on back (supine)

A

Dorsal recumbent

122
Q

Sims’ position - a recumbent oblique position (semi-prone) with the patient lying on the anterior side with the right knee and thigh flexed and the left arm extended down behind the back. (usually this position used for what

A

barium enema tip

123
Q

lying face down (prone) enter in dorsal exit in ventral

A

Ventral recumbent

124
Q

position where the knees are as closed as possible to the chest (intrathecal usually a spinal procedure to widen the vertebral spaces)

A

Genu Pectoral/Knee Chest

125
Q

a supine position with the hips and knees flexed and thigh abducted and rotated externally supported by the ankle.

A

Lithotomy

126
Q

what position assumed in “lying down”. Always performed with the CR horizontal.

A

Decubitus position

127
Q

refers to an angled position in which neither the sagittal nor the coronal body plane is perpendicular or at right angle to the IR.

A

Oblique position

128
Q

is the process of recording a body part to an image receptor. It describes the direction or the path of the CR of the x-ray beam as it passes through the patient projecting an image on to the IR. (ENTRANCE AND EXIT POINT), SURFACE NA MALAPIT SA XRAY TUBE.

A

Radiographic Projections

129
Q

when the cr scheme to free from body part to free from superimposition

A

Tangential/Axial/Method

130
Q

different types of projections

A

View
AP projection
PA projection
AP Oblique projection
PA Oblique projection
Lateromedial
Mediolateral
Tangential/Axial/Method
AP Axial-Lordotic
Infero-superior axial projection -
Supero-inferior axial projection
Dorsoplantar projection
Plantodorsal projection
Parieto-acanthial projection
Acanthio-parietal projection -
Submento-vertico
Vertico-submento

131
Q

image obtained when the cr is angled, if more than 10 degrees, the special position where determined if there is any suspicious density especially in the apical position if the presence on the lungs

A

AP Axial-Lordotic

132
Q

projection of feet

A

Dorsoplantar projection

133
Q

a movement by which the angle of a joint is decreased.

A

Flexion

134
Q

forcible overflexion of a limb or part.

A

Hyperflexion

135
Q

a movement by which the angle of a joint is increased

A

Extension

136
Q

extending a joint beyond the straight or neutral position.

A

Hyperextension

137
Q

movement toward the central axis

A

Adduction

138
Q

anterior movement of an anatomical part, particularly the scapula forward, shoulder patalikod retraction

A

Protraction

139
Q

This movement also occurs in the forearm whereby the palm is turned forwards

A

Supination

140
Q

movement away from the central axis

A

Abduction

141
Q

This movement occurs in the forearm whereby the palm is turned backwards

A

Pronation

142
Q

to turn or to bend the hand or wrist from the natural position toward the ulnar side.

A

Ulnar Deviation

143
Q

movement in a superior direction

A

Elevation

144
Q

posterior movement of an anatomical part, particularly the scapula

A

Retraction

145
Q

to turn or to bend the hand or wrist from the natural position toward the radial side.

A

Radial Deviation

146
Q

movement in an inferior direction

A

Depression

147
Q

movement of foot towards the leg

A

Dorsiflexion

148
Q

movement of a limb in a circular manner

A

Circumduction

149
Q

movement of the foot towards the floor

A

Plantarflexion

150
Q

outward stress movement of the foot at the ankle joint.

A

Eversion

151
Q

inward stress movement of the foot as applied to the foot without rotation of the leg.

A

Inversion

152
Q

describes the bending of a part inward or toward the midline. The term varus is sometimes used to describe inversion stress

A

Varus

153
Q

describes bending of a part away from the midline; sometimes used to describe eversion stress

A

Valgus

154
Q

The greater the SID

A

the less the body part is magnified and the greater the recorded detail will be.

155
Q

Increasing the SID, requires that the mAs be

A

increased to maintain exposure to the IR, and decreasing the SID requires a decrease in the mAs to maintain exposure to the IR.

156
Q

As SID increases

A

the x-ray beam intensity is spread over a large area. This decreases the overall intensity of the x-ray beam reaching the IR.

157
Q

is an unnecessary movement of the part under study.

A

Motion

158
Q

Central or principal beam of x-rays, simply referred to as the central ray (CR) is always centered to the IR unless receptor displacement is being used.

A

Tube Film Alignment/Central Ray

159
Q

The 3 types of muscular tissue that affect motion are:

A

Smooth (Involuntary muscle) with motion caused by the following;
Heart pulsation
Chill
Peristalsis
Tremor
Spasm
Pain

Cardiac (Involuntary muscle)

Striated (Voluntary muscle) with motion resulting to
lack of control.
Nervousness
Discomfort
Excitability
Mental illness
Fear
Age
Breathing

160
Q

How to Control Motion?

A

Giving clear instructions
Providing patient comfort
Adjusting support/immobilization devices
a. Sponge
b. Foam wedge
c. Sandbags

Use fast exposure time

161
Q

Accessory Equipments

A

Lead Gown
Illuminator (Negatoscope)
Lead Gloves
Caliper
Lead Markers
Densitometer
Lead Strips
IR holders

162
Q

Five Functions in Radiographic Examination

A
  1. Positioning the body part and alignment of CR & IR.
  2. Application of radiation protection measures and devices.
  3. Selection of exposure factors on the control panel.
  4. Instructions to the patient related to respiration and initiation of x-ray procedure.
  5. Processing of the IR.
163
Q

elevates the diaphragm and abdominal viscera, shortens the Lung fields, depresses the sternum, and lowers the ribs and Increases their angle near the spine.

A

Expiration/Exhalation

164
Q

2 Pre-exposure Instruction

A
  1. Inspiration/Inhalation
  2. Expiration/Exhalation
165
Q

depresses the diaphragm and abdominal viscera, lengthens and expands the lung fields, elevates the sternum and pushes it anteriorly, and elevates the ribs and reduces their angle near the spine.

A

Inspiration/Inhalation

166
Q

Guidelines in using gonadal shield.

A
  1. If the gonads lie, within or close to the primary x-ray field (about 5 cm) despite proper beam limitation.
  2. If the clinical objective of the examination is not compromised.
  3. If the patient has a reasonable reproductive potential.
167
Q

Basic marker should;

A

Never obscure anatomy.
Never be placed over the patients identification information.
Always be placed on the edge of the collimator border.
Always be placed outside of any lead shielding.

168
Q

Reducing patient dose.

A
  • Use high kVp technique.
  • Record fluoroscopic x-ray beam on time if it exceeds 20 minutes.
  • Use gonad shielding when such use will not interfere with the examination.
  • Make sure that the patient is properly prepared so that repeat examination is not necessary.
  • If the patient thinks she maybe pregnant, consult the radiologist before continuing the examination.
169
Q

Conditions that require an increase in technical factor

A

Pneumonia
Pleural Effusion
Hydrocephalus
Enlarged Heart
Edema
Ascites

170
Q

X-ray beam restriction serve two purposes;

A
  1. It minimizes the amount of radiation to the patient and reduces the amount of scattered radiation that can reach the IR.
  2. It produces radiograph that demonstrate excellent recorded detail and increase radiographic contrast by reducing scatter radiation thereby producing a shorter scale of contrast and preventing secondary radiation from unnecessarily exposing surrounding tissues with resultant image fogging.
171
Q

Conditions that require a decrease in technical factor.

A

Old age
Pneumothorax
Emaciation
Emphysema
Degenerative Arthritis
Atrophy

172
Q

is then converted to digital format and is viewed on a computer monitor or printed out on film.

A

radiographic image

173
Q

is then converted to digital format and is viewed on a computer monitor or printed out on film.

A

radiographic image

BAWAL NA TECHNIQUE (5 decks)

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