Prelim | Radiographic Film Flashcards by Eun Woo

General types of film

Intensifying screen
Laser printing
Copy or duplicating
Dental
Radiation monitoring
Dry transfer

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Intensifying screen film emulsion

Two

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Intensifying screen film characteristic

Blue or green sensitive

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Intensifying screen film application

Genral radiography

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Laser printing film emulsion

Single with antihalation backing

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Laser printing film characteristic

Matches laser used (about 630nm)

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Laser printing film application

Laser printing attached to CT, MRI, ultrasound, etc.

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Copy or duplicating film emulsions

Single with antihalation backing

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Copy or duplicating film characteristic

Pre-exposed to Dmax

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Copy or duplicating film application

Duplicating radiographs

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Dental film emulsions

Two packed in sealed envelope

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Dental film chracteristic

Has lead foil to reduce vack scatter

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Dental film application

Dentistry

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Radiation monitoring film emulsions

Two packed in sealed envelope

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Radiation monitoring film characteristics

One emulsion can be sloughed off to increase OD scale

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Radiation monitoring film application

Radiation monitoring

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Dry transfer film emulsions

One

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Dry transfer film characteristics

Thermally sensitive

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Dry transfer film application

“Dry printers”

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Recording medium that converts the x-ray beam into a visible image

Radiographic film

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Radiographic film historical timeline

Glass plate (1896)
Cellulose Nitrate (1914)
Cellulose Triacetate (1924)
Mylar Base (1950)
Polyester (1960)

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Film that is easily breakable

Glass plate (1896)

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Film that provides the highest resolution

Glass plate (1896)

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Film that is not breakable yet is flammable

Cellulose Nitrate (1914)

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Film that is not flammable

Cellulose Triacetate (1924)

Film that is more rigid and thick

Mylar base (1950)

What is the polyester film made up of, and what does it contain?

Molten polymer (contains dimethyl terephthalate and ethylene glycol)

Types of radiographic film criteria

According to: - Screen - Construction - Sensitivity

Types of radiographic film according to screen

- Direct exposure film/ Non-screen film - Indirect exposure film/ Screen film

mAs, pt dose, blurring, and resolution relationship

↑mAs, ↑pt dose (direct) ↓ blurring, ↑resolution (inverse)

Types of radiographic film according to construction

- Single-coated emulsion - Double-coated emulsion

Causes halation

Single-coated emulsion

Describe halation

Blurring due to scattered xrays

Cannot be viewed under white light illumination

double-coated emulsion

Types of radiographic film according to sensitivity

- Monochromatic - Orthochromatic - Panchromatic

Film sensitive to all collors

Panchromatic

Film used in photography

Panchromatic

Basic parts of a radiographic film

Base and emulsionj

Other parts of a radiographic film (aside from main parts)

Adhesive layer and overcoat

Radiographic film thickness

150 to 300 micrometer

Biggest size of an x-ray film

35 * 43cm (14 * 17")

Smallest size of an x-ray film

13 * 13cm (5 * 7")

Manufactured in total darkness

Radiographic film

Protective covering of gelatin that enclosed the mulsion

Overcoat/ Supercoat

Overcoat/ Supercoat composition

Transparent gelatin

Overcoat/ Supercoat characteristics

- Prevents damage to sensitive emulsion layer - Protects emulsion from scratches, pressure, and contamiantion - Allows rough manipulation of x-ray dilm before exposure

Overcoat/ Supercoat thickness

2-5 micrometer

Heart of the radiographic film

Emulsion

Material with which x-rays or light photons from radiographic intensifying screens interact and transfer information

Emulsion

Active layer of the film

Emulsion

Radiation and light-sensitive

Emulsion

Emulsion size/ thickness

3-5 micrometer

Emulsion 2 principal compnents

- Silver halide crytals - Gelatin

Recording medium of the film

Silver halide crystals (Emulsion)

Active ingredient of the emulsion

Silver halide crystals

Composition of the silver halide crystal

98% silver bromide 2% silver iodide

Silver halide crystal formation: I. Crystal formation dissolve (1) in (2) to form (3) II. (4) (through mixing AgNO3) AgNO3 + (5) = (6)

1. metallic silver (Ag) 2. nitric acid (HNO3) 3. silver nitrate (AgNO3) 4. Activation 5. KBr 6. AgBr+KNO3

Mechanical binder of the emulsion

Gelatin

Maintain even distribution of silver halide crystals

Gelatin

Gelatin shapes

Tabular (mostly used) Cubic Octahedral Polyhedral Irregular

Holds the silver halide crystal uniformly dispersed in place

Gelatin

Gelatin (of emulsion) characteristic

Clear and sufficiaently porous

Gelatin (of emulsion) principal function

Provide mechanical support to SHCs

Other term for adhesive

Substratum

Where is the adhesive located?

Between emulsion and base

Adheres one layer of the film

Adhesive

Adhesive composition

Gelatin and cellulose ester

Adhesive thickness

1-2.5 micrometer

Adhesive purpose

Allows emulsion and base to maintain proper contact and integrity

Foundation of framework of the film

Base layer

Base layer purpose

To provide a rigid structure unto which the emulsion can be coated

Base layer composition

Polyester/ plastic

Base layer thickness

150-300 micrometer

Contains a dye

Base layer

Function of the dye

Reduce eyestrain and fatigue

Good c haracteristics of a base layer

1. Dimensional stabililty 2. Optical lucency (clarity) 3. Non-flammable 4. Tensile strength 5. Flexible 6. Chemically inert 7. Waterproof 8. Memory

No change in size shape

Dimensional stabililty

Transparent to light

Optical lucency (clarity)

Resistant to fire

Non-flammable

Thin but strong/ rigid

Tensile Strength

For easy handling and to allow smooth movement during automatic processing

Flexible

Not reactive to corrosive/ reactive subs

Chemically Inert

Example of a chemically inert substance

Fixer

Should not absorb moisture (To avoid build up of molds)

Waterproof

Can store images even it ages (5-10 years)

Memory

Base layers can store images for how long?

5-10 years

Few additives of the radiographic film

1. Preservative 2. Silver iodide 3. Glycerin 4. Saponin 5. Alcohol

What preservative is used in an x-ray film?

Phenol as bactericide

Extends sensitivity towards blue range (some dyes may extend color sensiticity)

Silver iodide

Additive that makes emulsion pliable

Glycerin

Additive used to make the emulsion receptive to processing chemicals

Saponin

Additive used to prevent frothing during coating

Alcohol