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123/L > Midterm | Processing Chemistry > Flashcards

Midterm | Processing Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

Refers to the series of steps that converts the latent image into the visible radiographic image.

A

FILM PROCESSING

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2
Q

The exposed crystal becomes (1) that is visible (2)

A
  1. black grain
  2. microscopically
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3
Q

In handing the different processing chemistry, these should be put into mind

A
  1. Wear a proper mask that reduces inhalation of fumes.
  2. Wear nitrile gloves (do not use surgical gloves)
  3. Wear protective glasses (prevent chemical splashing into the eyes)
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4
Q

Standrard value for pH level for all solutions

A

0-14

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5
Q

Standard value for pH level for Developer

A

10-10.5

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6
Q

Standrad value for pH level for Fixer

A

4-4.5

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7
Q

Standard value for Developer Temperature

A

95-100°F or 35-38°C

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8
Q

Standard value for Fixer Temperature

A

appx 94°F or appx 34°C

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9
Q

Standard value for Water Temperature

A

appx 94°F or appx 34°C

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10
Q

Standard value for Automatic processor; Dryer temperature

A

120-150°F (2.5kW)

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11
Q

AUTOMATIC PROCESSOR REPLENISHMENT RATE FOR DEVELOPER

A

60-70 mL or cc / 14” film

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12
Q

AUTOMATIC PROCESSOR REPLENISHMENT RATE FOR FIXER

A

100-110 mL or cc / 14” film

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13
Q

Processing Sequence and appx time (Manual)

A

Wetting: 15s
Developing: 5mins
Rinsing in stop bath: 30s
Fixing: 15 mins
Washing: 20mins
Drying: 30 mins

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14
Q

Processing Sequence and appx time (Automatic)

A

Developing: 22s
Fixing: 22s
Washing: 20s
Drying: 16s

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15
Q

The first step in the processing sequence involves wetting the film to (1), so the subsequent chemical baths can (2).

A
  1. swell the emulsion
  2. reach all parts of the emulsion uniformly
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16
Q

In automatic processing, this step is omitted and the agent used is incorporated into the next step

A

wetting

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16
Q

Universal solvent

A

Water

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16
Q

A liquid into which various solids and powders can be dissolved

A

Solvent

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17
Q

For the chemicals to penetrate the emulsion, the radiograph must first be treated by a/n (1) which is water, and it penetrates the (2) of the emulsion, causing it to swell.

A
  1. wetting agent
  2. gelatin
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18
Q

Principal action of developing

A

To change the silver ions of exposed crystals into metallic silver, which produces a visible image from the latent image.

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19
Q

DEVELOPING

For the (1) to be changed to (2), a/n (3) must be supplied to the (4).

A
  1. ionic silver
  2. metallic silver
  3. electron
  4. silver ion
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20
Q

Process wherein an electron is given up by a chemical (developing agent), to neutralize a positive ion

A

REDUCTION

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21
Q

In the process of reduction, the (1) is said to be reduced to (2), and the chemical responsible for this is called (3).

A
  1. silver ion
  2. metallic silver
  3. reducing agent
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22
Q

A reaction that produces an electron.

A

Oxidation

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23
Q

Oxidation and reduction occur simultaneously and are called —

A

REDOX REACTIONS

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24
Q

Components of the developer and chemicals used

A
  • Developing agent (Phenidone and Hydroquinone)
  • Activator (Sodium carbonate)
  • Restrainer (Potassium bromide)
  • Preservative (Sodium sulfite)
  • Hardener (Glutaraldehyde)
  • Sequestering agent (Chelates)
  • Solvent (Water)
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25
Q

Reducing agent; produces shades of gray rapidly

A

Phenidone (Developing agent)

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26
Q

Reducing agent; produces black tones slowly

A

Hydroquinone (Developing agent)

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27
Q

Helps swell gelatin; produces alkalinity; controls pH

A

Sodium carbonate (Activator)

28
Q

Antifog agent; protects unexposed crystals from chemical “attack”

A

Potassium bromide (Restrainer)

29
Q

Controls oxidation; maintains balance among developer components

A

Sodium sulfite (Preservative)

30
Q

Controls emulsion swelling and enhances archival quality

A

Glutaraldehyde (Hardener)

31
Q

Removes metallic impurities; stabilizes developing agent

A

Chelates (Sequestering agent)

32
Q

Dissolves chemicals for use

A

Water (Solvent)

33
Q

Principal component of the developing agent

A

Hydroquinone (Q)

34
Q

Secondary constituents of the developing agent

A

Phenidone (P) and Metol (M)

35
Q

Usually, these are combined for rapid processing.

A

hydroquinone and Phenidone

36
Q

Occurs when the action of two agents working together is greater than the sum of the action of each agent working independently.

37
Q

Chemicals used for manual vs automatic processing

A

Manual: MQ
Automatic: PQ

38
Q

ACTIVATOR: The developer contains alkali compounds, such as (1) or (2). These (3) enhance the action of the developing agent by (4); the pH. These alkali compounds are (5), that is, they are very corrosive and can cause skin burn. (6), the strongest alkali is commonly called (7). Be very cautious if you mix a developer solution that contains (6).

A
  1. Sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) and Sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
  2. Potassium carbonate (K2CO3) and Potassium hydroxide (KOH)
  3. buffering agents
  4. controlling the concentration of hydrogen ions
  5. caustic
  6. Sodium hydroxide
  7. lye
39
Q

RESTRAINER: (1) and (2) are added to the developer as restrainers. Restrainers (3) of the developing agent to only those silver halide crystals that have been (4).

A
  1. Potassium bromide
  2. potassium iodide
  3. restrict the action
  4. irradiated
40
Q

If restainers are absent in the developer, what would happen?

A

Without the restrainers, even those crystals that have not been exposed are reduced to metallic silver.

40
Q

PRESERVATIVE: is also included in the developer to (1).

A
  1. control the oxidation of the developing agent by air
41
Q

PRESERVATIVE
(1) is introduced into the chemistry when it is mixed, handled, and stored; such oxidation is called (2). Hydroquinone is particularly sensitive to aerial oxidation. It is easy to tell when developing agent has been oxidized because it turns (3). The addition of preservative causes the developer to (4).

A
  1. Air
  2. aerial oxidation
  3. brownish
  4. remain clear
42
Q

Agent that is particularly sensitive to aerial oxidation

A

Hydroquinone

43
Q

HARDENER: Developers used in automatic processors contain a hardener, usually (1).

A
  1. glutaraldehyde
44
Q

What happens if the emulsion swells too much or becomes too soft?

A

The film will not be transported properly through the system because of the very close tolerances of the transport system.

45
Q

SEQUESTERING AGENTS: The developer may contain (1) and (2). Such impurities can (3) of hydroquinone, rendering the developer unstable.

A
  1. metal impurities
  2. soluble salts
  3. accelerate the oxidation
46
Q

Introduced as sequestering agents that form stable complexes with these metallic ions and salts.

A

Chelates/ EDATATE/ EDTA/ CALGON

47
Q

When development is complete, the film must be treated so that (1). This stage of processing is fixing. The image is said to be fixed on the film, and this produces film
of (2).

A
  1. the image will not fade
  2. archival quality
48
Q

ACTIVATOR: If developing is not stopped, (1) results. The steps in manual processing that follows development is called (2),

A
  1. development fog
  2. stop bath
49
Q

Function of stopbath

A

To neutralize the residual developer in the emulsion and stop its action

50
Q

The chemical used in stop bath is

A

Acetic acid

51
Q

Why is a stopbath not used in automatic processing?

A

In automatic processing, a stop bath is not used because rollers of the transport system squeeze the film clean.

52
Q

The fixer contains (1)/ (2) that behaves as a stop bath.

A
  1. acetic acid
  2. SULFURIC ACID
53
Q

Activated part of fixer

A

Fixing agent

54
Q

The terms often used
interchangeably in reference to fixing agent.

A

Clearing agent, hypo, and thiosulfate

55
Q

Remove unexposed and undeveloped silver halide crystals from the emulsion.

A

Fixing agents

56
Q

(1) is the agent classically known as hypo, but (2) is the fixing agent that is used in most fixer chemistries (true clearing agent).

A
  1. Sodium thiosulfate
  2. ammonium thiosulfate
57
Q

Undesirable retention of the fixer in the emulsion

A

Hypo retention

58
Q

Excess hypo slowly (1) and causes the image to discolour to (2)
over a long time. Fixing agents retained in the emulsion combine with (3) to (4), which appears yellow-brown.

A
  1. oxidizes
  2. brown
  3. silver
  4. silver sulphide
59
Q

HARDENER: As the developed and unreduced silver bromide is removed from the emulsion during fixation, the emulsion (1). The hardener (2) and causes the (3). The chemicals commonly used as hardeners are (4), (5), and (6)

A
  1. shrinks
  2. accelerates this shrinking process
  3. emulsion to become more rigid or hardened
  4. potassium alum
  5. , aluminum chloride
  6. chromium alum.
60
Q

PRESERVATIVE: The fixer also contains a preservative that is of the same (1)and that serves the same purpose as the preservative in the (2) . The preservative is (3), and is needed to maintain the chemical balance, because of the carryover of developer and fixer from one tank to another.

A
  1. composition
  2. developer
  3. sodium sulfite
61
Q

BUFFER: The (1)- the pH- of the fixer must remain (2). This is helped by adding a buffer, usually (3), to the fixer.

A
  1. alkalinity/ acidity
  2. constant
  3. acetate
62
Q

Represent the principal impurity at this (sequestering agent) stage. .

A

Aluminum ions

63
Q

Used for sequestering

A

Boric acids and boric salts/ carboxylic acid

64
Q

To wash away any (1) remaining in the (2), particularly hypo that clings to the surface of the film.

A

1.residual chemicals
2. emulsion

65
Q

Used as the wash agent

66
Q

The temperature of the wash water

A

Should be maintained at approximately 3 oC (5 oF) below the developer temperature.

67
Q

(1) is the final stage of the film processing cycle. The purpose of drying is to (2) present in the emulsion.

A
  1. Drying
  2. remove the water
68
Q

The end result of the film processing process is a/n (1), free from dust particles, crystal deposits, stains, and artifacts. The most common method of drying is by (2).

A
  1. undamaged emulsion
  2. air
69
Q

Automatic processor; Dryer temperature:

A

120-150°F (2.5kW)

123/L (16 decks)

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