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123/L > Finals | Radiographic Image Quality and Film Analysis > Flashcards

Finals | Radiographic Image Quality and Film Analysis Flashcards

1
Q

Black, grey, and white areas on CONVENTIONAL RADIOGRAPHY

A

Black: Radiolucent
Grey: —
White: Radioparent/ radiopaque

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2
Q

Black, grey, and white areas on UTS

A

Black: Anechoic
Grey: Hypoechoic
White: Hyperechoic

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3
Q

Black, grey, and white areas on CT

A

Black: Hypodense
Grey: Isodense
White: Hyperdense

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4
Q

Black, grey, and white areas on MRI

A

Black: Hypointense
Grey: Isointense
White: Hyperintense

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5
Q

Fidelity with which the anatomical structures present on a radiograph

A

Radiographic Image Quality

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6
Q

Less precise terms sometimes used instead of spatial resolution and contrast resolution.

A

Detail and recorded detail

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7
Q

What do the terms DETAIL and RECORDED DETAIL refer to?

A

Degree of sharpness of structural lines on a radiograph.

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8
Q

Ability to visualize recorded detail when image contrast and optical density are optimized.

A

Visibility of detail

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9
Q

It is the ability to image two separate objects and visually distinguish one from the other.

A

SPATIAL RESOLUTION

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10
Q

SPATIAL RESOLUTION refers to the ability to image (1) that have (2), such as (3), a breast (4).

A
  1. small objects
  2. high subject contrast
  3. bone-soft tissue interface
  4. microcalcification
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11
Q

To produce a quality radiograph, the anatomic details must be (1) and with greatest amount of (2).

A
  1. recorded accurately
  2. sharpness
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12
Q

Ability to distinguish shades of gray.

A

CONTRAST RESOLUTION

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13
Q

CONTRAST RESOLUTION is the ability to distinguish anatomical structures of (1) such as (2) or (3).

A
  1. similar subject contrast
  2. liver-spleen
  3. gray matter and white matter
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14
Q

It is the term that is borrowed from electrical engineering.

A

IMAGE NOISE

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15
Q

IMAGE NOISE is the random (1)in the (2) of the image.

A
  1. fluctuation
  2. OD
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16
Q

Radiographic noise has four components:

A
  1. Film graininess
  2. Structure mottle
  3. Quantum mottle
  4. Scatter radiation.
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17
Q

Film graininess is the distribution in (1) and (2) of (3) in the emulsion.

A
  1. size
  2. space
  3. silver halide grains
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18
Q

Structure mottle is similar to (1) but refers to the (2) of the radiographic (3).

A
  1. film graininess
  2. phosphor
  3. intensifying screen
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19
Q

Quantum mottle refers to the random nature by which (1) interact with the (2).

A
  1. x-rays
  2. imaging receptor
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20
Q

It is somewhat under the control of the radiologic technologist and is a principal contributor to radiographic noise in many radiographic imaging procedures.

A

Quantum mottle

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21
Q

RADIOGRAPHIC QUALITY RULES

A
  1. Fast imaging receptors have high noise and low spatial resolution and contrast resolution.
  2. High spatial resolution and contrast resolution require low noise and slow image receptors.
  3. Low noise accompanies slow image receptors with high spatial resolution and contrast resolution.
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22
Q

Degree of blackening of a radiograph.

A

Optical density

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23
Q

Optical density has a precise (1) that can be calculated if the level of (2) and the level of (3) are measured.

A
  1. numeric value
  2. light incident on a processed film (Io)
  3. light transmitted through that film (It)
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24
Q

Formula to measure light OD

A

OD= log10(lo/lt)

25
Q

Radiographic film contains ODs that range from (1). These ODs corresponds to (2), respectively.

A
  1. near 0 to 4
  2. clear and black
26
Q

Most UNEXPOSED and PROCESSED radiographic film has an OD in the range of (1), corresponding to (2).

A
  1. 0.1 to 0.3
  2. 79% and 50% transmission
27
Q

These ODs of UNEXPOSED film are due to (1) and (2).

A
  1. base density
  2. fog density
28
Q

OD that is inherent in the base and the tint added to the base to make the radiograph more pleasing to the eye.

A

Base density

29
Q

Base density value

A

approximately 0.1

30
Q

Development of silver grains that contain no useful information.

A

Fog density

31
Q

Fog density results from inadvertent exposure of film during (1), (2), (3), and a number of other influences.

A
  1. storage
  2. undesirable chemical contamination
  3. improper processing
32
Q

Fog density on a processed radiograph should not exceed —

33
Q

Factors affecting OD

A
  1. mAs
  2. kVp
  3. SID
  4. OID
  5. Generator waveform
  6. Part thickness
  7. Mass density
  8. Development time
  9. IR speed
  10. Collimation
  11. Grid ratio
34
Q

Optical density can be controlled by two major factors:

A

mAs and SID

35
Q

It is the variations of optical density.

36
Q

Radiographic contrast is the product of two separate factors:

A
  1. Image receptor contrast
  2. Subject contrast
37
Q

Image receptor contrast is inherent in the (1) combination and is influenced somewhat by (2).

A
  1. screen- film
    2.processing of the film
38
Q

Subject contrast is determined by the (1), (2), and (3) of the anatomy that is being examined and the (4) of the xray beam.

A
  1. size
  2. shape
  3. x-ray attenuating characteristics
  4. energy (kVp)
39
Q

Film-screen images always have (1) compared with direct exposure images.

A

higher contrast

40
Q

High contrast, “a lot of contrast,” or a “short scale of contrast” is obtained by using —.

A

low-kVp exposure techniques

41
Q

Low contrast is the same as (1) and results from (2).

A
  1. “long scale of contrast”
  2. high-kVp exposure techniques
42
Q

Contrast on a radiograph is necessary for the (1) or (2) of a structure to be visible. It is the result of (3) of the x-ray beam as it passes through various tissues of the body.

A
  1. outline
  2. border
  3. differences in attenuation
43
Q

Area of the target from which x-rays are emitted.

A

FOCAL SPOT

44
Q

Other term for FOCAL SPOT

45
Q

Physical area of focal track that is impacted

A

Actual focal spot

46
Q

Focal spot that is projected out of the tube towards the POI

A

Effective focal spot

47
Q

Which should always be greater between EFS and AFS?

A

Effective Focal Spot< ACTUAL FOCAL SPOT

48
Q

Radiology requires (1) focal spots because the (2) the focal spot, the (3) the (4) of the image.

A
  1. small
  2. smaller
  3. better
  4. spatial resolution
49
Q

Anode angulation usually used; diagnostically acceptable

50
Q

Designed to allow large area for heating while maintaining a small focal spot.

A

Line-focus principle

51
Q

Line-focus principle is designed to allow large area for (1) while maintaining (2). By angling the target, one makes the (3) of the target much (4) than the actual area of (5).

A
  1. heating
  2. small focal spot
  3. effective area
  4. smaller
  5. electron interaction
52
Q

What does the HEEL EFFECT state?

A

The intensity of x-rays that are emitted through the “heel” of the target is reduced because they have longer path through the target, and therefore increased absorption.

53
Q

Heel effect is one unfortunate consequence of (1). It is that the radiation intensity on the (2) of the x-ray field is (3) than that on the (4).

A
  1. line-focus principle
  2. cathode side
  3. greater
  4. anode side
54
Q

Occurs because the focal spot is not a point.

A

Focal-spot blur

55
Q

Focal-spot blur is a blurred region on the radiograph over which the radiologic technologist has (1) results because the (2) has size. It is greater on the (3) side.

A
  1. little control
  2. effective focal spot
  3. cathode
56
Q

Focal-spot blur is the most important factor for determining —.

A

spatial resolution

57
Q

Focal spot blur formula

A

Focal spot blur= (EFS)(OID/SOD)

58
Q

Best way to protect patient

A

Distant them from source of XR

123/L (16 decks)

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