PRELIM LEC: Fundamental Concepts in Analytical Procedures (BISHOP) Flashcards
ref: Advance Class Discussion and Chapter 1 of Bishop
to perform analytic procedures that yield accurate and precise information, aiding in patient
diagnosis and treatment
CLINICAL CHEMISTRY
defines the physical quantity or dimension, such as mass, length, time, or volume.
UNIT
This system was devised to provide the global scientific community with a uniform method
of describing physical quantities
SI (SYSTEM INTERNATIONAL UNIT) UNIT
subclassifications OF SI UNITS:
basic unit
derived unit
is a derivative or a mathematical function describing one of the basic units
derived units
This group develops standards of practice, definitions, and guidelines that can be adopted by everyone in a given field, providing for more uniform terminology and less confusion.
International Organization for Standardization, often referred to as ISO
require manufacturers to indicate any physical or biologic health hazards and precautions needed for
the safe use, storage, and disposal of any chemical
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
is required to provide technical data sheets for each chemical manufactured on a document called a Safety Data Sheet (SDS)
manufacturer
certified standard reference materials (SRMs) are used instead of ACS primary standard materials.
Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)
established specifications for AR grade chemicals, and chemical manufacturers will either meet or exceed these requirements
American Chemical Society (ACS)
has been purified to remove almost all organic materials, using a technique of distillation much like that found in organic chemistry laboratory distillation experiments in which water is boiled and vaporized
Distilled water
are excellent in removing particulate matter, microorganisms, and any pyrogens or endotoxins
Ultrafiltration and nanofiltration, like distillation
is purified from previously treated water, such as prefiltered or distilled water
Deionized water
has some or all ions removed, although organic material may still be present, so it is neither pure nor sterile
Deionized water
is produced using either an anion or a cation exchange resin, followed by replacement of the removed ions with hydroxyl or hydrogen ions
Deionized water
is a process that uses pressure to force water through a semipermeable membrane, producing water that reflects a filtered product of the
original water. It does not remove dissolved gases.
Reverse osmosis
uses an anion resin followed by a cation resin. The
different resins may be in separate columns or in the same column. This processis excellent in removing dissolved ionized solids and dissolved gases.
two-bed system
may be used for the pretreatment of water
Reverse osmosis
which removes some trace organic material or
sterilization processes at specific wavelengths, when used in combination with ozone treatment, can destroy bacteria but may leave behind residual products.
Ultraviolet oxidation
These techniques are often used after other purification processes have been completed.
Ultraviolet oxidation
are those properties related to the number of solute
particles per solvent molecules, not on the type of particles present
Colligative Properties
Colligative Properties
osmotic pressure, vapor pressure, freezing point, and boiling point
is the pressure exerted by the vapor when the liquid solvent is in equilibrium with the vapor.
Vapor pressure
is the temperature at which the first crystal (solid) of solvent forms in equilibrium with
the solution
Freezing point
is the pressure that opposes osmosis when a solvent flows through a semipermeable membrane to establish equilibrium between compartments of differing concentration.
Osmotic pressure
is the temperature at which the vapor pressure of the
solvent reaches atmospheric pressure (usually one atmosphere)
Boiling point
The osmotic pressure of a dilute solution is directly proportional to the concentration of the molecules in solution
t
is a measure of the ability of
a solution to accept or donate electrons
Redox potential, or oxidation–reduction potential
Substances that donate electrons
reducing agents
those that accept electrons are considered
oxidizing agents
is a measure of how well electricity passes through a solution
Conductivity
are weak acids or bases and their related salts that, as a result of their dissociation characteristics, minimize changes in the hydrogen ion concentration.
Buffers
are designed to hold different
volumes rather than one exact amount
Erlenmeyer flasks and Griffin beakers
represents the negative or inverse log of the hydrogen ion concentration
ph
re long, cylindrical tubes usually held upright by an
octagonal or circular base.
Graduated cylinders
The compound and the associated water are called a
hydrate
When the water of crystallization is removed from the compound
anhydrous
Substances that take up water on exposure to atmospheric
conditions
hygroscopic
These materials make excellent drying substances
desiccants
If these compounds absorb enough water from the atmosphere to cause dissolution
deliquescent substances
samples measure blood gases (partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide) and pH
Arterial blood
what are the primary arterial sites
radial, brachial, and femoral arteries
mechanical destruction of red cells
that can result in hemoglobin release
hemolysis
does not contain fibrinogen (i.e., there is less protein in serum than plasma) and some potassium is released from platelets (serum potassium is slightly higher in serum than in plasma)s
plasma
does not contain an anticoagulant, the blood’s clotting factors are active in forming a clot incorporating the cells
serum
Prolonged tourniquet application causes a
stasis of blood flow and an increase
hemoconcentration
Having patients open and close their fist during phlebotomy is of no value and may cause an increase in
potassium
is an ultrafiltrate of the plasma and will, ordinarily, reflect the values seen in the plasma
CSF
increased bilirubin pigment
icterus
Samples should be analyzed within
4 hours
the presence of turbidity often associated with _________ (increased lipids)
lipemia
to minimize the effects of evaporation, samples should be
properly capped and kept away from
areas of rapid airflow, light, and heat
