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CLINICAL CHEMISTRY 1 > PRELIM LEC: CARBOHYDRATES > Flashcards

PRELIM LEC: CARBOHYDRATES Flashcards

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1
Q

are organic compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

A

Carbohydrates

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2
Q

Chemical composition of carbohydrates:

A

Cn(H2O)n

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2
Q

Two forms of CHO:

A

Aldose
Ketose

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2
Q

are the major constituents of physiologic
system: brain, erythrocyte, and retinal cells in humans.They are also the major source of energy.

A

Carbohydrates

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2
Q

carbonyl group in the middle linked to 2 other carbon atoms

A

Ketose

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3
Q

terminal end carbonyl group called aldehyde group

A

Aldose

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3
Q

most important carbohydrates

A

glucose

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4
Q

is directly used as energy source and or stored as glycogen in the liver or muscles.

A

glucose

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5
Q

3 carbon:

A

triose sugar

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6
Q

5 carbon:

A

pentose sugar

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7
Q

6 carbon:

A

hexos sugar

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8
Q

Classification of CHO based on Location of carbonyl group:

A

aldose
ketose

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9
Q

classificatios of carbohydrates:

A
  1. Location of carbonyl group
  2. Number of carbon
  3. Number of sugar units
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10
Q

Classification of CHO based on the number of sugar units:

A

Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides
Oligosaccharide

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11
Q

two monosaccharides are joined by a glycosidic linkage

A

Disaccharides

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11
Q

-simple sugars that cannot be hydrolyzed to a simpler form
- can contain 3 or more carbon atoms

A

Monosaccharides

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12
Q

-linkage of many monosaccharide units
-on hydrolysis, will yield more than 10 monosaccharides

A

Polysaccharides

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13
Q

2-10 carbohydrates

A

Oligosaccharide

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14
Q

example of aldose with 3 carbon

A

glyceraldehyde

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15
Q

example of ketose with 3 carbon

A

dihydrogenase

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16
Q

example of aldose with 5 carbons

A

ribose

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17
Q

example of ketose with 5 carbons

A

ribulose

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18
Q

example of aldose with 6 carbons

A

glucose

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19
Q

example of ketose with 6 carbons:

A

galactose
fructose

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20
Q

Monosaccharides:

A

oGlucose
oFructose
oGalactose

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21
Q

Disaccharides:

A

oSucrose
oLactose
oMaltose

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22
Q

most important CHO; major metabolic fuel

A

glucose

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23
Q

Fructose + Glucose

A

Sucrose

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24
Q

fibrous substances consisting of polysaccharides and forming the major constituent in the exoskeleton of arthropods and the cell wall of fungi

A

Chitin

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24
Q

Galactose + Glucose

A

Lactose

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25
Q

polysaccharides:

A

oStarch
oGlycogen
oChitin

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26
Q

Glucose + Glucose

A

Maltose

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27
Q

stored in liver and muscles

A

Glycogen

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27
Q

storage form of glucose in the body

A

Glycogen

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28
Q

breakdown of carbon or sugar

A

hydrolysis

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28
Q

bind polysaccharide and oligosaccharide

A

glycocidic acid

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28
Q
  • saivary enzymes
  • salivary amylase
A

Ptyalin

28
Q

pancreatic amylase

A

amylopsin

29
Q

acid in stomach

A

hydrochloric acid

29
Q

As food enters the mouth and oral cavity, food begins to be broken down by ____, an enzyme produced by the parotid gland that helps in the initial metabolism of food

Glucose Metabolism

A

ptyalin

29
Q

a stomach enzyme that serves to digest proteins found in ingested food

A

pepsin

30
Q

When food reaches the stomach, the acidity inactivates ptyalin and acid hydrolysis occurs. There is no carbohydrate digestion in the stomach, but** protein digestion **happens through the enzyme _____

Glucose Metabolism

A

pepsin

30
Q

When food reaches the intestines, ____, an enzyme produced by the pancreas, further degrades the food and convert polysaccharides into monosaccharides.

Glucose Metabolism

A

amylopsin

31
Q

Glucose then enters the bloodstream and increases glucose uptake by the ____.

Glucose Metabolism

A

cells

32
Q

glucose levels rise:

Glucose Metabolism

A

After 30 min

33
Q

gluose levels peak

Glucose metabolism

A

After 1 hour

34
Q

glucose levels go back to normal

Glucose metabolism

A

After 2 hours

35
Q

hormone needed in order for the glucose to enter the cells and bind to surface receptors

Glucose metabolism

A

insulin

36
Q

Embden-Meyerhoff Pathway:

A

aerobic
anaerobic

37
Q

provides energy for the body

A

Embden-Meyerhoff Pathway

38
Q

– glucose to lactate

Embden-Meyerhoff Pathway

A

anaerobic

38
Q

glucose to pyruvate

Embden-Meyerhoff Pathway

A

aerobic

39
Q

glucose transporters:

A

glut

40
Q

pyruvate to lactate

A

lactate dehydrogenase

41
Q

glucose to pyruvate or lactate to produce energy

A

Glycolysis

42
Q

Glucose Metabolic Pathway

A
  1. Embden-Meyerhoff Pathway
  2. Hexose- Monophosphate Shunt
  3. Glycogenesis
43
Q

production of reduced
NADPH and ribose-5-phosphate

A

Hexose- Monophosphate Shunt

44
Q

breakdown of glycogen to glucose for energy

A

Glycogenolysis (fasting state)

45
Q

formation of glucose-6-phosphate from non-carbohydrate sources (when non-carbohydrate will be used for energy)

A

Gluconeogenesis

46
Q

glucose to glycogen for storage

A

Glycogenesis

47
Q

conversion of carbohydrates to fatty acids

A

Lipogenesis

48
Q

Decomposition of fat

A

Lipolysis

49
Q

Hormones Regulating Glucose Metabolism:

A

Insulin
Glucagon
Somatostatin
Cortisol
Catecholamines
Thyroid hormones
Growth Hormone
Adenocorticotropic Hormone

50
Q

only hormone that decreases glucose

A

Insulin

51
Q

produced by the β cells of the islets of Langerhans in the
pancreas

A

Insulin

52
Q

```

promotes glycolysis, glycogenesis, lipogenesis

A

Insulin

53
Q

primary hormone that decreases glucose for increasing
glucose levels

A

Glucagon

54
Q

produced by the α cells of the islets of Langerhans in the
pancreas

A

Glucagon

55
Q

promotes glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis

A

Glucagon

56
Q

produced by the δ cells of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas (regulatory hormone)

A

Somatostatin

57
Q

inhibition of pancreatic hormone release of insulin and
glucagon

A

Somatostatin

58
Q

inhibition of gastric acid secretion

A

Somatostatin

59
Q

produced by the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex

A

Cortisol

60
Q

promotes hepatic gluconeogenesis and lipolysis

A

Cortisol

61
Q

Catecholamines:

A

epinephrine and non-epinephrine

62
Q

produced by the chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla

A

Catecholamines

63
Q

produced by the thyroid gland

A

Thyroid hormones

63
Q

inhibits insulin secretion and promotes glycogenolysis

A

Catecholamines

64
Q
  • promotes glycogenolysis and intestinal absorption of
    glucose
A

Thyroid hormones

65
Q

produced by the anterior pituitary gland

A

Growth Hormone

66
Q

promotes glycogenolysis and lipolysis

A

Growth Hormone

67
Q

produced by the anterior pituitary gland

A

Adenocorticotropic Hormone

68
Q

promotes glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis

A

Adenocorticotropic Hormone

69
Q

mmediate precursor of insulin

A

Proinsulin

70
Q

test that is based on the presence of proinsulin that helps in the differential diagnosis of Type 1 from type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and the diagnosis of insulinomas

A

C-Peptide

70
Q

2 functions of pancreas:

A

endocrine
exocrine

71
Q

endocrine:

A

insulin
glucagon
somatostatin; ductless

72
Q

exocrine:

A

amylase; presence of ducts

73
Q
  • important for cells that cant produce atp
  • protection for cells from oxidative damage
A

NADPH

74
Q

release by mitochondria

A

adenosine triphosphate

75
Q
A
76
Q
A

CLINICAL CHEMISTRY 1 (9 decks)

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