PRELIM LEC: CARBOHYDRATES Flashcards by Chin Lys

are organic compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

Carbohydrates

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Chemical composition of carbohydrates:

Cn(H2O)n

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Two forms of CHO:

Aldose
Ketose

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are the major constituents of physiologic
system: brain, erythrocyte, and retinal cells in humans.They are also the major source of energy.

Carbohydrates

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carbonyl group in the middle linked to 2 other carbon atoms

Ketose

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terminal end carbonyl group called aldehyde group

Aldose

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most important carbohydrates

glucose

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is directly used as energy source and or stored as glycogen in the liver or muscles.

glucose

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3 carbon:

triose sugar

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5 carbon:

pentose sugar

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6 carbon:

hexos sugar

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Classification of CHO based on Location of carbonyl group:

aldose
ketose

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classificatios of carbohydrates:

Location of carbonyl group
Number of carbon
Number of sugar units

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Classification of CHO based on the number of sugar units:

Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides
Oligosaccharide

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two monosaccharides are joined by a glycosidic linkage

Disaccharides

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-simple sugars that cannot be hydrolyzed to a simpler form
- can contain 3 or more carbon atoms

Monosaccharides

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-linkage of many monosaccharide units
-on hydrolysis, will yield more than 10 monosaccharides

Polysaccharides

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2-10 carbohydrates

Oligosaccharide

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example of aldose with 3 carbon

glyceraldehyde

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example of ketose with 3 carbon

dihydrogenase

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example of aldose with 5 carbons

ribose

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example of ketose with 5 carbons

ribulose

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example of aldose with 6 carbons

glucose

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example of ketose with 6 carbons:

galactose
fructose

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Monosaccharides:

oGlucose oFructose oGalactose

Disaccharides:

oSucrose oLactose oMaltose

most important CHO; major metabolic fuel

glucose

Fructose + Glucose

Sucrose

fibrous substances consisting of polysaccharides and forming the major constituent in the exoskeleton of arthropods and the cell wall of fungi

Chitin

Galactose + Glucose

Lactose

polysaccharides:

oStarch oGlycogen oChitin

Glucose + Glucose

Maltose

stored in liver and muscles

Glycogen

storage form of glucose in the body

Glycogen

breakdown of carbon or sugar

hydrolysis

bind polysaccharide and oligosaccharide

glycocidic acid

* saivary enzymes * salivary amylase

Ptyalin

pancreatic amylase

amylopsin

acid in stomach

hydrochloric acid

As food enters the mouth and oral cavity, food begins to be broken down by ____, an enzyme produced by the **parotid gland** that helps in the initial metabolism of food | Glucose Metabolism

ptyalin

a stomach enzyme that serves to digest proteins found in ingested food

pepsin

When food reaches the stomach, the acidity inactivates ptyalin and acid hydrolysis occurs. There is no carbohydrate digestion in the stomach, but** protein digestion **happens through the enzyme _____ | Glucose Metabolism

pepsin

When food reaches the intestines, ____, an enzyme produced by the **pancreas**, further degrades the food and convert polysaccharides into monosaccharides. | Glucose Metabolism

amylopsin

Glucose then enters the bloodstream and increases glucose uptake by the ____. | Glucose Metabolism

cells

glucose levels rise: | Glucose Metabolism

After 30 min

gluose levels peak | Glucose metabolism

After 1 hour

glucose levels go back to normal | Glucose metabolism

After 2 hours

hormone needed in order for the glucose to enter the cells and bind to surface receptors | Glucose metabolism

insulin

Embden-Meyerhoff Pathway:

aerobic anaerobic

provides energy for the body

Embden-Meyerhoff Pathway

– glucose to lactate | Embden-Meyerhoff Pathway

anaerobic

glucose to pyruvate | Embden-Meyerhoff Pathway

aerobic

glucose transporters:

glut

pyruvate to lactate

lactate dehydrogenase

glucose to pyruvate or lactate to produce energy

Glycolysis

Glucose Metabolic Pathway

1. Embden-Meyerhoff Pathway 2. Hexose- Monophosphate Shunt 3. Glycogenesis

production of reduced NADPH and ribose-5-phosphate

Hexose- Monophosphate Shunt

breakdown of glycogen to glucose for energy

Glycogenolysis (fasting state)

formation of glucose-6-phosphate from non-carbohydrate sources (when non-carbohydrate will be used for energy)

Gluconeogenesis

glucose to glycogen for storage

Glycogenesis

conversion of carbohydrates to fatty acids

Lipogenesis

Decomposition of fat

Lipolysis

Hormones Regulating Glucose Metabolism:

Insulin Glucagon Somatostatin Cortisol Catecholamines Thyroid hormones Growth Hormone Adenocorticotropic Hormone

only hormone that decreases glucose

Insulin

produced by the β cells of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas

Insulin

# ``` promotes glycolysis, glycogenesis, lipogenesis

Insulin

primary hormone that decreases glucose for increasing glucose levels

Glucagon

produced by the α cells of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas

Glucagon

promotes glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis

Glucagon

produced by the δ cells of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas (regulatory hormone)

Somatostatin

inhibition of pancreatic hormone release of insulin and glucagon

Somatostatin

inhibition of gastric acid secretion

Somatostatin

produced by the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex

Cortisol

promotes hepatic gluconeogenesis and lipolysis

Cortisol

Catecholamines:

epinephrine and non-epinephrine

produced by the chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla

Catecholamines

produced by the thyroid gland

Thyroid hormones

inhibits insulin secretion and promotes glycogenolysis

Catecholamines

- promotes glycogenolysis and intestinal absorption of glucose

Thyroid hormones

produced by the anterior pituitary gland

Growth Hormone

promotes glycogenolysis and lipolysis

Growth Hormone

produced by the anterior pituitary gland

Adenocorticotropic Hormone

promotes glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis

Adenocorticotropic Hormone

mmediate precursor of insulin

Proinsulin

test that is based on the presence of proinsulin that helps in the differential diagnosis of Type 1 from type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and the diagnosis of insulinomas

C-Peptide

2 functions of pancreas:

endocrine exocrine

endocrine:

insulin glucagon somatostatin; ductless

exocrine:

amylase; presence of ducts

* important for cells that cant produce atp * protection for cells from oxidative damage

NADPH

release by mitochondria

adenosine triphosphate