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CLINICAL CHEMISTRY 1 > MIDTERM LEC: PROTEINS > Flashcards

MIDTERM LEC: PROTEINS Flashcards

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1
Q

The word PROTEINS come from the Greek word ____ which means “first rank of importance”

A

“proteis”

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2
Q

Most proteins are synthesized in the liver except:

A

immunoglobulins, adult hgb, factor VIII

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3
Q

High molecular weight composed of amino
acid - combined together by peptide bonds

A

PROTEINS

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3
Q

Also called macromolecule

A

PROTEINS

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4
Q

best quantified by immunologic measurements since it is below the level of detection by electrophoresis Clinical

A

PROTEINS

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5
Q

● Marker for nutritional status
● Confirms if specimen is CSF

A

PROTEINS

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6
Q

are amphoteric which means that they are able to react both as a base and as an acid

A

PROTEINS

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7
Q

Simplest form of protein

A

amino acid

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7
Q

produced in the Liver

A

fetal hemoglobin

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8
Q

produced in Bone Marrow

A

adult hgb

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9
Q

produce in Endothelial Cells, part of Coagulation Cascade

A

factor VIII

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10
Q

Biological function of proteins:

A

● Structural support for the tissue (collagen
and keratin)
● Contraction and relaxation of muscles
● Coagulation and immunologic function
● Transport of metabolic substances [esp
cannot travel blood alone]
● pH buffer
● Precursor of hormones [Most of the
hormones are made up of proteins]
● Maintenance of osmotic pressure
● Biochemical catalysts [All enzymes are
Proteins]

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11
Q

– for smaller polypeptides

A

Pepsin (enzyme)

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12
Q

protein denaturation

A

HCI

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13
Q

convert trypsinogen to
trypsin

A

Enteropeptidase

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14
Q

cleaves peptide bonds

A

Chymotrypsin

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14
Q

Total Protein – Albumin =

A

Globulin

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15
Q

linear sequence of amino acids

A

Primary Structure

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16
Q

it determines the identity of protein,
molecular structure, function and binding
capacity

A

Primary Structure

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17
Q

refers to specific regular three-dimensional
formations into which portions of the
polypeptide chain fold [a-helix & B-pleated
sheet]

A

Secondary Structure

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18
Q

actual 3-dimentional structure or folding pattern

A

Quaternary Structure

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18
Q

responsible for physical and
chemical properties of proteins

A

Tertiary Structure

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19
Q

may consists of single or more
polypeptide

A

Proteins

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20
Q

a large number of amino
acids join together

A

Polypeptide

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21
Q

2-20 of Amino acids

A

Oligopeptide

22
Q

contain peptide chains which on hydrolysis will yield only amino acids

A

Simple Proteins

22
Q

Amino acids are linked by peptide bonds

A

Peptide

23
Q
  • contain protein and non-protein group
  • Ex. Metalloproteins, lipoproteins,
    glycoproteins, nucleoproteins, mucoprotein
    [Lipoproteins – protein molecule with lipid]
A

Conjugated Proteins

24
Q

transport protein bound to thyroxine (T4) and Retinol (Vit A)

A

Prealbumin/Transthyretin

24
Q

best quantified by immunologic measurements since it is below the level of detection by electrophoresis

A

Prealbumin/Transthyretin

25
Q

Clinical Significance:
- Marker for nutritional status
- Confirms if specimen is CSF
- [Albumin is still abundant in CSF, Pre-albumin
also but few]

A

Prealbumin/Transthyretin

26
Q

Most abundant protein generally used for
transport [starts in fetal life to death] [50%]

A

Albumin

27
Q

Maintains fluid balance in tissues [contributes in oncotic pressure 80%]

A

Albumin

28
Q

Clinical Significance:
● negative acute phase reactant

A

Albumin

29
Q

are substances that are
related to inflammation

A

acute phase reactant

29
Q

decreased levels: malnutrition, malabsorption,
liver disease, renal disease, skin loss, dilution

A

Albumin

30
Q

level decreases in cases of inflammation

A

negative acute phase
reactant

31
Q

value of the substance increase in cases of inflammation

A

positive acute phase reactant/APR

32
Q

not an actual disease
state,🡩 albumin levels in the blood, it doesn’t mean a Disease, it can be an artifact (venous stasis, over infusion in IV, dehydration (most common)] [Protein production is Constant = there is no Increased synthesis Albumin

A

Hyperalbuminemia

33
Q

will tell a problem/disease
state

A

Hypoalbuminemia

34
Q

Globulins

A

Alpha1, alpha2, beta and gamma fractions
[dependent in electrophoretic mobility & migration]

35
Q

inactivate proteases [trypsin & neutrophil
elastase] [releases WBCs to fight infxn but can
attack normal tse esp. Lungs, will lead to Emphysema]

A

α-1 antitrypsin/anti-proteinase

35
Q

major component of α-1 globulins

A

α-1 antitrypsin/anti-proteinase

36
Q

Clinical Significance:
▪ acute phase reactant
▪ deficiency: pulmonary emphysema, hepatic
cirrhosis [emphysema -chronic obstructive
pulmonary dse] [hepatic cirrhosis due to genetic mutations abnormal proteins form aggregates cannot secreted in the Liver causing liver damage]

A

α-1 antitrypsin/anti-proteinase

37
Q

*

cleave pancreatic elastase

A

α-1 antichymotrypsin

38
Q

serine proteinase inhibitor

A

α-1 antichymotrypsin

39
Q

Clinical Significance:
▪ acute phase reactant
▪ associated with: Alzheimer disease and Parkinson’s disease
[problem in the Liver most likely affected
production proteins

A

α-1 antichymotrypsin

40
Q

o protects fetus from immunologic attack by
the mother
o levels decreases gradually after birth

A

α-1 fetoprotein

41
Q

Clinical Significance:
▪ increased levels: Spina Bifida, Neural
Tube Defects, Anencephaly
▪ decreased levels: Down Syndrome and
Trisomy 18

A

α-1 fetoprotein

42
Q

α-1 fetoprotein tumor marker:

A

hepatocellular CA

43
Q

undetected during adulthood, if detectable/🡩 α1 fetoprotein it will show presences tumor esp. Hepatocellular Carcinoma

A

α-1 fetoprotein

44
Q

only protein that is negatively charged even
in acidic state [presence salicylic acid]

A

α-1 glycoprotein /orosomucoid

45
Q

Clinical Significance:
▪ Acute phase reactant
▪ increased levels: stress, Carcinoma,
Rheumatoid Arthritis, inflammation,
Acute Myocardial Infection, pregnancy,
pneumonia, surgery

A

α-1 glycoprotein /orosomucoid

46
Q

largest major non-immunoglobulin

A

α-2 macroglobulin

47
Q

inactivate proteases

A

α-2 macroglobulin

48
Q

Clinical Significance:
▪ increased levels: nephrotic syndrome [>
albumin concentration] [nephrotic
syndrome filters protein too large in the
kidney, problem in Glomerulus
membrane is destroyed]

A

α-2 macroglobulin

49
Q

transports cholesterol, triglycerides and phospholipids

A

Lipoprotein

50
Q
A

Ceruloplasmin

51
Q

Clinical Significance:
▪ Acute phase reactant
▪ increased levels: Menke’s Kinky Hair
Syndrome ▪ decreased levels: Wilson’s
disease, malnutrition, malabsorption
[Wilson’s disease (hallmark: Keiser
Fletcher Rings) – 🡩 levels copper in the
body, most of Ceruloplasmin will be bound
to the 🡩 levels of copper]

A

Ceruloplasmin

52
Q
A
53
Q
A
54
Q
A

CLINICAL CHEMISTRY 1 (12 decks)

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