ENHANCEMENT CLASS: FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS IN ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES Flashcards
- Facilitate the correct performance of analytic procedures that yield accurate and precise information, aiding patient diagnosis and treatment.
Clinical Laboratory
Use to measure the following
scales
Thermometer/ Temperature
Basic unit of temp in SI system
Kelvin (°K) scales
3 Major types of Thermometers:
Liquid-in-glass
Thermistor probe
Digital thermometer
- Uses colored liquid encased in
plastic material with a bulb at one end - Measures temp between 20 and
400° C
Liquid-in-glass
Accurate and fast-reading
Advantages: SIZE and MILLISECOND RESPONSE
TIME
Thermistor probe
Vessels holding/transferring
liquid are designed either to
contain or deliver a specified
volume.
Laboratory Vessels
Borosilicate
Kimax/Pyrex
Aluminosilicate
Corex
Acid and alkali resistant
Vycor
Plasticware
- Polysterene
- Polyethylene
- Polypropylene
- Tygon
- Teflon
- Polycarbonate
- Polyvinyl chloride
Designed to hold different volumes rather than one exact amount.
Erlenmeyer flasks and Griffin
beakers
Are glass utensils used to transfer liquids.
Pipettes
DESIGN
To Contain
To Deliver
Do not deliver the exact/same amount
To Contain
- Referred as “rinse-out pipettes”
- Calibration medium - mercury
- Ex. WBC Pipet , SAHLI Pipet, RBC
Pipet
To Contain
Delivers the exact/same amount
To Deliver
- Designed to drain by gravity
- Calibration medium - Distilled
water - Ex. Serological Pipet, volumetric,
Mohr pipet (the tip should remain in contact with the side of the vessel for several seconds after the liquid has drained.)
To Deliver
Drainage Characteristics
Blowout
Self-draining
- Has “etched rings” located near the top of the pipet
- The last drop should be blown out to obtain the exact volume of liquid.
Blowout
- No etched rings
- Designed to drain liquid by gravity
- The tip of the pipet should not be in contact with accumulating fluid in the receiving vessel during
drainage.
Self-draining
TYPES
Measuring or Graduated
Transfer
Measuring or Graduated pipettes
Sahli pipettes
Serologic & Mohr pipettes
WBC pipettes
RBC pipettes
Transfer pipettes
Volumetric pipettes
Ostwald and Folin pipettes
Pasteur pipettes
Automated pipettes
Types of Monochromator
Filters
Prism
Diffraction gratings
device kung saan gina filter
Prism
divides the light into many colors
Diffraction gratings
Is defined as any substance used to produce a chemical reaction.
REAGENTS
Its use in reagent and solution preparation, reconstitution or lyophilized materials, and dilution of samples demands specific requirements for its level of
purity.
REAGENT WATER
water is purified by distillation
Distilled Water
water is purified by ion exchange
Deionized Water
water is purified by reverse osmosis
Ro Water
LEVELS OF WATER PURITY
Type I Reagent Water
Type II Reagent Water
Type III Reagent Water
- MOST PURE
- For preparation of standard solutions, buffers, and controls
- Used in quantitative analytical procedures, electrophoresis, toxicology screening tests, and High-performance liquid chromatography.
- After mabuhat dapat gamiton
kaagad
Type I Reagent Water
- For some qualitative laboratory tests, such as those done in general urinalysis
- It can be used as a water source for preparation of type I or type II
- It can also be used for washing and rinsing laboratory glassware.
Type III Reagent Water
- For qualitative chemistry procedures and most procedures done in hematology, immunology,
microbiology, and other clinical test areas.
Type II Reagent Water
- High degree of purity
- Suitable for use in most analytic
laboratory procedures
Analytical Reagent (AR)
- Sufficiently pure
- Not recommended for clinical laboratory reagent preparation unless it undergoes further purification or a reagent blank is
included
Chemically Pure (CP)
- Less pure than CP grade chemicals
- Are used to manufacture drugs
United States Pharmacopeia (USP)
and National Formulary (NF)
Should not be used in clinical
chemical analysis without previous purification
TECHNICAL OR COMMERCIAL
GRADE
A material or substance with one of more physical properties that is sufficiently well established to be used for
REFERENCE MATERIALS
Highly purified chemicals that are directly weighed or measured to produced a solution whose
concentration is exactly known.
Primary Reference Material
Solutions whose concentration cannot be prepared by weighing the solute and dissolving a known amount into a volume of solution.
Secondary Reference Material
A process in which centrifugal force separates solid matters from a liquid suspension.
CENTRIFUGATION
Solid material or sediment packed at the bottom of the centri tube
PRECIPITATE
- the liquid or top portion
SUPERNATANT
Centrifugal force depends on:
MASS, SPEED and RADIUS
is the force required to separate two phases in a centrifuge
RELATIVE CENTRIFUGAL FORCE (RCF)
expression of speed
Revolution per minute (RPM)
UNIT OF MEASUREMENTS
Any meaningful quantitative
laboratory result consists of 2
components:
Based on decimal system, a system of divisions and multiple of tens.
English System
Metric System
o From Systeme International d’Unites
o The standard international language of measurement
o Based on the metric system
International System (SI System)
a derivative or mathematical function of one of the basic units
Derived units
Are used to indicate a subunit or multiple of a basic SI unit
PREFIXES
