PRELIM LEC 1: INTRO TO PARASITOLOGY Flashcards
Prefix “PARA” means?
BESIDES, NEAR, CLOSELY RELATED
- Prefix “PARA” means besides, near, closely related
Includes scientific study of life cycle and reproductive behavior, the ways in which they cause disease and the importance of the laboratory for diagnosis and methods of halting
their multiplication
PARASITOLOGY
is the study of important parasites which causes diseases to humans (classification, symptoms,
disease, lifecycle, transmission, treatment).
CLINICAL PARASITOLOGY
The living together of unlike organisms.
SYMBIOSIS
TYPES OF SYMBIOSIS
Relationship that gives benefit to the parasite,
but without reciprocating and without giving
injury to the host
Example: Entamoeba coli
COMMENSALISM
TYPES OF SYMBIOSIS
Relationship that is beneficial to both parasite and its host
Example: flagellate and termite
MUTUALISM
TYPES OF SYMBIOSIS
Relationship that is beneficial to one (parasite) at
the expense of the other (host).
Example: Entamoeba histolytica
PARASITISM
any living organism form which a parasite
obtains nourishment and protection.
HOST
KINDS OF HOST
Harbors the SEXUAL or the ADULT STAGE of the life
cycle of a parasite
Example: Human
DEFINITIVE HOST
KINDS OF HOST
Harbors the ASEXUAL or the LARVAL STAGE of the
larval stage of the parasite
Example: snail
INTERMEDIATE HOST
KINDS OF HOST
Harbors a parasite that lives within or on BODY SURFACE long enough to serve as the source of
infection
Host other than a human that may also be parasitized by the same stage(s) of the parasite
as humans
Example: Mary Mallon
RESERVOIR HOST
KINDS OF HOST
A host that harbors the infective larval stage of a parasite in which no essential growth or development takes place.
Serves as a MEANS OF TRANSPORT for the infective larval stage to reach its final host.
Example: Cats and Dogs
PARATENIC HOST
responsible for transmitting the parasite one host another.
VECTORS
TYPE OF VECTOR
It transmits the parasites only after the parasite has completed its development within the host.
Essential part in the life cycle of the parasite.
Example: Aedes mosquito – Lymphatic filariasis
(Elephantiasis)
BIOLOGICAL VECTOR
TYPE OF VECTOR
Only transport the parasites
Example: Flies and Cockroaches
MECHANICAL VECTOR
any organisms that lives inside or on
the body surface of another organism (host) which is
usually larger organism that provides physical
protection (shelter) and nourishment (food) for
survival.
PARASITE
Parasites that live INSIDE the host’s body.
Infection
ENDOPARASITE
Parasites that live OUTSIDE the host’s body.
Infestation
ECTOPARASITE
A parasite is considered ________ when it’s
found in an organ that is not its usual habitat.
ERRATIC
PARASITE AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO ITS HOST
They NEED A HOST at some stage of their life cycle to complete their development and to propagate
their species.
OBLIGATE PARASITE
PARASITE AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO ITS HOST
It may exist in a free-living state or may become
parasitic when the need arises.
FACULTATIVE PARASITE
PARASITE AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO ITS HOST
It establishes itself in a host where it DOES NOT ORDINARILY LIVE.
ACCIDENTAL PARASITE
PARASITE AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO ITS HOST
It remains in the body of the host for its entire life.
PERMANENT PARASITE
PARASITE AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO ITS HOST
It lives on the host only for a short period of time.
TEMPORARY PARASITE
PARASITE AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO ITS HOST
It is a free-living organism that passes through the digestive tract without infecting the host.
SPURIOUS PARASITE
- The process of INOCULATING an
infective agent.
EXPOSURE
- It connotes the establishment of the
infective agent in the host.
INFECTIVE AGENT
- It harbors a particular pathogen without manifesting any signs and symptoms.
CARRIER
The period between PROTECTION and EVIDENCE OF SYMPTOMS.
Clinical Incubation
INCUBATION PERIOD
The period between INFECTION or ACQUISITION
of the parasite and evidence or demonstration of infection.
Biologic Incubation Period
PRE-PATENT PERIOD
It results when an infected individual becomes his OWN DIRECT SOURCE OF INFECTION.
Enterobiasis (kigwa)
AUTO-INFECTION
SOURCES OF INFECTION
CONTAMINATED SOIL AND CONTAMINATED WATER
LACK OF SANITARY TOILETS
USE OF NIGHT SOIL OR HUMAN EXCRETA AS FERTILIZER
FOOD
WATER
CONSUMPTION OF UNDERCOOKED OR RAW FRESHWATER FISH
RAW CRABS
ARTHROPODS
CATS
RATS
MODES OF TRANSMISSION
CONTAMINATED FOOD AND WATER
FOODBORNE
Cestodes
Trematodes
Intestinal Protozoans
MODES OF TRANSMISSION
CONTAMINATED FOOD AND WATER
Drinking contaminated water
Entamoeba histolytica
Giardia lamblia
MODES OF TRANSMISSION
CONTAMINATED FOOD AND WATER
Ingesting raw or improperly cooked freshwater fish
Clonorchis
Opisthorchis
Haplorchis
MODES OF TRANSMISSION
Skin exposure to soil
Hookworms
Strongyloides
MODES OF TRANSMISSION
Skin exposure via water
Schistosoma
MODES OF TRANSMISSION
Arthropods
Malaria
Filariasis
Leishmaniasis
Trypanosomiasis
Babesiosis
MODES OF TRANSMISSION
Congenital Transmission
Toxoplasma gondii
Ancylostoma
Strongyloides
MODES OF TRANSMISSION
Inhalation of Airborne Eggs
Enterobius
MODES OF TRANSMISSION
sexual intercourse
Trichomonas vaginalis
INTERNATIONAL CODE OF ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE
CLASS
ORDERS
FAMILIES
GENERA
SPECIES
The study of patterns, distribution, and occurrence of disease.
EPIDEMIOLOGY
The number of NEW CASES of infection
appearing in a population in a given period of time.
INCIDENCE
The number of individuals in a population estimated to be infected with a particular parasite species at a given time.
Usually expressed as percentage
PREVALENCE
The percentage of individuals in a population infected with at least one
parasite.
CUMULATIVE PREVALENCE
It refers to burden of infection that is related to the number of worms per infected person.
It can be measured directly or indirectly
Worm burden
Directly = Counting expelled worms during treatment
Indirectly = Counting helminth eggs excreted in the feces (# of eggs/gram)
INTENSITY OF INFECTION
Clinical consequences of infections or
diseases that affect an individual’s wellbeing.
MORBIDITY
The use of anthelmintic drugs in an
individual or a public health program.
DEWORMING
It refers to the number of PREVIOUSLY POSITIVE SUBJECTS found to be EGG NEGATIVE on examination of stool or urine sample using a procedure at a deworming.
Usually expressed as percentage.
CURE RATE
It is the PERCENTAGE FALL IN EGG COUNTS after deworming based on examination of a stool or urine sample using a `standard procedure at a set time after a treatment.
EGG REDUCTION RATE
It involves individual level deworming with SELECTION for treatment based
on a diagnosis of infection or an assessment of the intensity of infection, or based on presumptive grounds
SELECTIVE TREATMENT
It is a GROUP - LEVEL DEWORMING where the group to be treated may be defined by age, sex, or other social characteristics irrespective of infection status
TARGETED TREATMENT
- It is a POPULATION - LEVEL DEWORMING in which the community is treated irrespective of age, sex, infection status, or other social characteristics.
UNIVERSAL TREATMENT
It is the regular, systematic, large- scale intervention involving the administration of one or more drugs to selected population groups with the aim of reducing morbidity and transmission of selected helminth infections.
PREVENTIVE CHEMOTHERAPY
It refers to the PROPORTION of the TARGET POPULATION REACHED BY AN INTERVENTION.
It could be the percentage of school- age children treated during a treatment day.
COVERAGE
It is the EFFECT OF A DRUG against an infective agent in ideal experimental conditions and isolated from any context.
EFFICACY
It is a MEASURE OF THE EFFECT OF DRUG against an infective agent in a particular host, living in a particular environment with specific ecological, Immunological, and epidemiological determinants.
Qualitative and Quantitative diagnostic tests
Cure Rate & Egg Reduction Rate
EFFECTIVENESS
It is a genetically transmitted
LOSS OF SUSCEPTIBILITY TO A DRUG in a parasite population that was previously sensitive to the appropriate therapeutic dose.
DRUG RESISTANCE
It is the avoidance of illness caused by
infections.
It may be achieved by periodically
deworming individuals or groups, known to be at risk of morbidity.
MORBIDITY CONTROL
It is the planning, organization, performance, and monitoring of activities for the modification and/or manipulation of environmental factors or their interaction with human beings with a view to preventing or minimizing vector or Intermediate host
propagation and reducing contact between humans and the Infective agent
INFORMATION EDUCATION COMMUNICATION
It involves interventions to REDUCE ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RISKS
It also involves the control of vectors,
intermediate hosts, and reservoirs of
disease.
ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION
It is the provision of access to adequate facilities for the safe disposal of human excreta.
It is usually combined with access to safe drinking water
SANITATION
PERMANENT REDUCTION TO 0 of the
WORLDWIDE incidences of infection caused by a specific agent, as a result of deliberate efforts.
DISEASE ERADICATION
It is a reduction to zero of the incidences of a specified disease in a DEFINED GEOGRAPHIC AREA as a result of deliberate efforts.
DISEASE ELIMINATION
