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PARASITOLOGY > PRELIM LEC 1: INTRO TO PARASITOLOGY > Flashcards

PRELIM LEC 1: INTRO TO PARASITOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

Prefix “PARA” means?

A

BESIDES, NEAR, CLOSELY RELATED

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2
Q
  • Prefix “PARA” means besides, near, closely related
     Includes scientific study of life cycle and reproductive behavior, the ways in which they cause disease and the importance of the laboratory for diagnosis and methods of halting
    their multiplication
A

PARASITOLOGY

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3
Q

is the study of important parasites which causes diseases to humans (classification, symptoms,
disease, lifecycle, transmission, treatment).

A

CLINICAL PARASITOLOGY

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4
Q

The living together of unlike organisms.

A

SYMBIOSIS

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5
Q

TYPES OF SYMBIOSIS
Relationship that gives benefit to the parasite,
but without reciprocating and without giving
injury to the host
 Example: Entamoeba coli

A

COMMENSALISM

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6
Q

TYPES OF SYMBIOSIS
Relationship that is beneficial to both parasite and its host
 Example: flagellate and termite

A

MUTUALISM

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7
Q

TYPES OF SYMBIOSIS
Relationship that is beneficial to one (parasite) at
the expense of the other (host).
 Example: Entamoeba histolytica

A

PARASITISM

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8
Q

any living organism form which a parasite
obtains nourishment and protection.

A

HOST

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9
Q

KINDS OF HOST
Harbors the SEXUAL or the ADULT STAGE of the life
cycle of a parasite
 Example: Human

A

DEFINITIVE HOST

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10
Q

KINDS OF HOST
Harbors the ASEXUAL or the LARVAL STAGE of the
larval stage of the parasite
 Example: snail

A

INTERMEDIATE HOST

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11
Q

KINDS OF HOST
Harbors a parasite that lives within or on BODY SURFACE long enough to serve as the source of
infection
 Host other than a human that may also be parasitized by the same stage(s) of the parasite
as humans
 Example: Mary Mallon

A

RESERVOIR HOST

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12
Q

KINDS OF HOST
A host that harbors the infective larval stage of a parasite in which no essential growth or development takes place.
 Serves as a MEANS OF TRANSPORT for the infective larval stage to reach its final host.
 Example: Cats and Dogs

A

PARATENIC HOST

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13
Q

responsible for transmitting the parasite one host another.

A

VECTORS

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14
Q

TYPE OF VECTOR
It transmits the parasites only after the parasite has completed its development within the host.
 Essential part in the life cycle of the parasite.
 Example: Aedes mosquito – Lymphatic filariasis
(Elephantiasis)

A

BIOLOGICAL VECTOR

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15
Q

TYPE OF VECTOR
 Only transport the parasites
 Example: Flies and Cockroaches

A

MECHANICAL VECTOR

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16
Q

any organisms that lives inside or on
the body surface of another organism (host) which is
usually larger organism that provides physical
protection (shelter) and nourishment (food) for
survival.

A

PARASITE

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17
Q

 Parasites that live INSIDE the host’s body.
 Infection

A

ENDOPARASITE

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18
Q

 Parasites that live OUTSIDE the host’s body.
 Infestation

A

ECTOPARASITE

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19
Q

A parasite is considered ________ when it’s
found in an organ that is not its usual habitat.

A

ERRATIC

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20
Q

PARASITE AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO ITS HOST

 They NEED A HOST at some stage of their life cycle to complete their development and to propagate
their species.

A

OBLIGATE PARASITE

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21
Q

PARASITE AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO ITS HOST
 It may exist in a free-living state or may become
parasitic when the need arises.

A

FACULTATIVE PARASITE

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22
Q

PARASITE AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO ITS HOST
 It establishes itself in a host where it DOES NOT ORDINARILY LIVE.

A

ACCIDENTAL PARASITE

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23
Q

PARASITE AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO ITS HOST
 It remains in the body of the host for its entire life.

A

PERMANENT PARASITE

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24
Q

PARASITE AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO ITS HOST
 It lives on the host only for a short period of time.

A

TEMPORARY PARASITE

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25
Q

PARASITE AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO ITS HOST
 It is a free-living organism that passes through the digestive tract without infecting the host.

A

SPURIOUS PARASITE

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26
Q
  • The process of INOCULATING an
    infective agent.
A

EXPOSURE

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27
Q
  • It connotes the establishment of the
    infective agent in the host.
A

INFECTIVE AGENT

28
Q
  • It harbors a particular pathogen without manifesting any signs and symptoms.
A

CARRIER

29
Q

 The period between PROTECTION and EVIDENCE OF SYMPTOMS.
 Clinical Incubation

A

INCUBATION PERIOD

30
Q

 The period between INFECTION or ACQUISITION
of the parasite and evidence or demonstration of infection.
 Biologic Incubation Period

A

PRE-PATENT PERIOD

31
Q

 It results when an infected individual becomes his OWN DIRECT SOURCE OF INFECTION.
 Enterobiasis (kigwa)

A

AUTO-INFECTION

32
Q

SOURCES OF INFECTION

A

CONTAMINATED SOIL AND CONTAMINATED WATER
LACK OF SANITARY TOILETS
USE OF NIGHT SOIL OR HUMAN EXCRETA AS FERTILIZER
FOOD
WATER
CONSUMPTION OF UNDERCOOKED OR RAW FRESHWATER FISH
RAW CRABS
ARTHROPODS
CATS
RATS

33
Q

MODES OF TRANSMISSION
CONTAMINATED FOOD AND WATER

FOODBORNE

A

 Cestodes
 Trematodes
 Intestinal Protozoans

34
Q

MODES OF TRANSMISSION
CONTAMINATED FOOD AND WATER

Drinking contaminated water

A

Entamoeba histolytica
Giardia lamblia

35
Q

MODES OF TRANSMISSION
CONTAMINATED FOOD AND WATER

Ingesting raw or improperly cooked freshwater fish

A

Clonorchis
Opisthorchis
Haplorchis

36
Q

MODES OF TRANSMISSION

Skin exposure to soil

A

Hookworms
Strongyloides

37
Q

MODES OF TRANSMISSION

Skin exposure via water

A

Schistosoma

38
Q

MODES OF TRANSMISSION

Arthropods

A

Malaria
Filariasis
Leishmaniasis
Trypanosomiasis
Babesiosis

39
Q

MODES OF TRANSMISSION
Congenital Transmission

A

Toxoplasma gondii
Ancylostoma
Strongyloides

40
Q

MODES OF TRANSMISSION
Inhalation of Airborne Eggs

A

Enterobius

41
Q

MODES OF TRANSMISSION
sexual intercourse

A

Trichomonas vaginalis

42
Q

INTERNATIONAL CODE OF ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE

A

CLASS
ORDERS
FAMILIES
GENERA
SPECIES

43
Q

The study of patterns, distribution, and occurrence of disease.

A

EPIDEMIOLOGY

44
Q

The number of NEW CASES of infection
appearing in a population in a given period of time.

A

INCIDENCE

45
Q

 The number of individuals in a population estimated to be infected with a particular parasite species at a given time.
 Usually expressed as percentage

A

PREVALENCE

45
Q

The percentage of individuals in a population infected with at least one
parasite.

A

CUMULATIVE PREVALENCE

46
Q

 It refers to burden of infection that is related to the number of worms per infected person.
 It can be measured directly or indirectly
 Worm burden
 Directly = Counting expelled worms during treatment
 Indirectly = Counting helminth eggs excreted in the feces (# of eggs/gram)

A

INTENSITY OF INFECTION

47
Q

 Clinical consequences of infections or
diseases that affect an individual’s wellbeing.

A

MORBIDITY

48
Q

The use of anthelmintic drugs in an
individual or a public health program.

A

DEWORMING

49
Q

 It refers to the number of PREVIOUSLY POSITIVE SUBJECTS found to be EGG NEGATIVE on examination of stool or urine sample using a procedure at a deworming.
 Usually expressed as percentage.

A

CURE RATE

50
Q

It is the PERCENTAGE FALL IN EGG COUNTS after deworming based on examination of a stool or urine sample using a `standard procedure at a set time after a treatment.

A

EGG REDUCTION RATE

51
Q

It involves individual level deworming with SELECTION for treatment based
on a diagnosis of infection or an assessment of the intensity of infection, or based on presumptive grounds

A

SELECTIVE TREATMENT

52
Q

It is a GROUP - LEVEL DEWORMING where the group to be treated may be defined by age, sex, or other social characteristics irrespective of infection status

A

TARGETED TREATMENT

53
Q
  • It is a POPULATION - LEVEL DEWORMING in which the community is treated irrespective of age, sex, infection status, or other social characteristics.
A

UNIVERSAL TREATMENT

54
Q

It is the regular, systematic, large- scale intervention involving the administration of one or more drugs to selected population groups with the aim of reducing morbidity and transmission of selected helminth infections.

A

PREVENTIVE CHEMOTHERAPY

55
Q

 It refers to the PROPORTION of the TARGET POPULATION REACHED BY AN INTERVENTION.
 It could be the percentage of school- age children treated during a treatment day.

A

COVERAGE

56
Q

It is the EFFECT OF A DRUG against an infective agent in ideal experimental conditions and isolated from any context.

A

EFFICACY

57
Q

 It is a MEASURE OF THE EFFECT OF DRUG against an infective agent in a particular host, living in a particular environment with specific ecological, Immunological, and epidemiological determinants.
 Qualitative and Quantitative diagnostic tests
 Cure Rate & Egg Reduction Rate

A

EFFECTIVENESS

58
Q

It is a genetically transmitted
LOSS OF SUSCEPTIBILITY TO A DRUG in a parasite population that was previously sensitive to the appropriate therapeutic dose.

A

DRUG RESISTANCE

59
Q

 It is the avoidance of illness caused by
infections.
 It may be achieved by periodically
deworming individuals or groups, known to be at risk of morbidity.

A

MORBIDITY CONTROL

60
Q

 It is the planning, organization, performance, and monitoring of activities for the modification and/or manipulation of environmental factors or their interaction with human beings with a view to preventing or minimizing vector or Intermediate host
propagation and reducing contact between humans and the Infective agent

A

INFORMATION EDUCATION COMMUNICATION

61
Q

 It involves interventions to REDUCE ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RISKS
 It also involves the control of vectors,
intermediate hosts, and reservoirs of
disease.

A

ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION

62
Q

 It is the provision of access to adequate facilities for the safe disposal of human excreta.
 It is usually combined with access to safe drinking water

A

SANITATION

63
Q

 PERMANENT REDUCTION TO 0 of the
WORLDWIDE incidences of infection caused by a specific agent, as a result of deliberate efforts.

A

DISEASE ERADICATION

64
Q

 It is a reduction to zero of the incidences of a specified disease in a DEFINED GEOGRAPHIC AREA as a result of deliberate efforts.

A

DISEASE ELIMINATION

PARASITOLOGY (23 decks)

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