Prejudice and Culture (enviromental) Flashcards
Prejudice and Culture (enviromental)
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Intro + What are social norms and how may influence behaviour of culture? (Ao1)
Overall it has been found that culture has an impact on Prejudice however it is hard to determine which type of Culture either individualistic or collectivist, is more Prejudice
• social norms are perceived social rules / beliefs shared by a community/culture
• these social norms may be Prejudice such as: prejudices / discrimination to outside communities/ cultures. this norm is treated like a law to the community and they will therefore follow it and discriminate outsiders
• therefore this shows how social norms influence behaviors in culture
Prejudice and Culture (enviromental)
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Katz and Braly (1933)
+ correlational
• Katz and Braley 1933 support the idea that social norms and Culture influences Prejudice
• the investigated stereotypes the Americans and other cultures giving students from princeton University a questionaire to fill in
• the questionnaire asked them to circle characteristics they thoughtwas most appropriate with that culture
• they found students showed more stereotypical views of minority ethnic groups. They conducted the same study 20 years later finding that the results had changed in accordance with the social norms of that time period
• therefore this study supports the idea that social norms and Culture affects Prejudice as social norms was directly influencing Prejudice towards cultures
• however studies such as these are generally correlation
• this means they can only prove that social norms and culture is RELATED to influencing behaviors such as Prejudice
• however due to correlational research not being able to establish cause and effect, they cannot prove that it is directly culture and social norms that has caused this Prejudice and discrimination against other cultures, as other unknown factors could influence them both causing the correlation
• Therefore stating that social norms and Culture directly affects Prejudice may be an invalid conclusion to make due to possible confounding variables affecting both Prejudice and social Norms and Culture
• therefore correlational research such as Katz and braly (1933) may be invalid research to support the theory that culture has an impact on Prejudice
Prejudice and Culture (enviromental)
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Baldwin (2017) and all cultures are ethnocentric to some extent
(homless shelters and the apartheid)
• Baldwin (2017) states that all cultures ethnocentric to some extent
• meaning that they believe their own culture is superior to others.
•Some in-groups behave differently towards out-groups and justify this as a kindly attempt to support people with perceived lower status
• for example: giving money to homeless person but not wanting a homeless shelter to be built on their Street
• in other cultures Prejudice to outgroups maybe accepted and even encouraged for example: between 1948 and 1999 in South Africa, the racial segregation known as the apartheid where the white population of South Africa discriminated against the black majority
Prejudice and Culture (enviromental)
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Opren (1971) and individual experiences
Opren (1971) found that f-scale scores were not significantly correlated with Prejudice in a group of white South African participants.
• However measures of social conformity and following cultural norms showed significant correlations of prejudice towards black South Africans.
• Suggesting conformity to social norms may be influential in prejudice toward specific groups, rather than Personality (In this case Authoritarian personality) Affecting prejudice, meaning this study supports the theory that culture and social norms may have an impact on Prejudice
• however the explanation only Focuses on group behavior and therefore doesn’t take into account individual experiences that could be the cause of prejudice
• for example being attacked by a member of a specific outgroup means that you made learn to dislike them however your in-group may not share your dislike for them, a small section of your in-group such as friends may simplify as with you and also conform to your view however the majority of your in group will still not
• therefore meaning that the explanation that culture and social norms impact Prejudice is limited and reductionist as it only considers group behaviour and doesn’t consider individual experiences that could have influenced Prejudice
Prejudice and Culture (enviromental)
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How and how much (SIT) Prejudice are collectivist cultures
• collectivist cultures may be Prejudice due to simply being an outgroup (not part of their culture)
• this may also be due to an actional quality shared by that outgroup that is against the morals and values of their culture
• it is suggested that collected this cultures are more Prejudice than individualistic cultures
• this is due to collectivist cultures having a stronger bond with their in-group which according to social identity Theory leads to more Prejudice towards outgroups
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Pettigrew (1959)
Kluegel (1990)
• similar to Orpen (1971), Pettigrew (1959) also investigated a group of white South African participants and found that people who tended to be more conformative will also more Prejudice
• this there for agrees and disagrees with the statement that collected this cultures have high levels of prejudice
• is agrees due to its saying that students from South Africa a collectivist country with a collectivist culture have high levels of Prejudice
• however it disagrees by saying this is correlated to and therefore has a relation with being more conformist, so they are more Prejudice due to conforming to social norms
• which at the time in South Africa was that the white population of South Africa was prejudiced towards the black population
• this however is only a correlation and therefore cannot prove that this is due to conforming to social norms, only that it may be related therefore overall Vista the agrees of the statement the collectivist cultures have high levels of prejudice
• on the other hand Kluegel (1990) disagrees with the statement as they found that collectivism is associated greater tolerance and lower racism
• meaning that they found collectivist cultures to have low levels of Prejudice and discrimination, meaning this study disagrees with the statement that collectivist cultures have high levels of Prejudice and discrimination
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How and how much do individualistic cultures be Prejudice
• individualistic cultures are likely to be prejudiced due to the action/qualities of a person in a group. Essentially Prejudice between individuals
• for example not hiring somebody because they’re easily distracted by things
• this individual Prejudice may be generalized to a group (in-group) the individual shares characteristics with such as age gender race etc. And then they will be prejudice towards the group due to the qualities of one individual
• therefore due to needing an individual with negative qualities to begin with, to be able to be prejudiced against them, and generalize this to a group, individualistic believed to have lower levels of Prejudice and discrimination
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Katz and Hass (1987)
Minard (1952)
• Katz and Hass (1987) is evidence supporting the fact that individualistic cultures become Prejudice due to an individuals characteristics/actions that are generalized to their in-group
• this is due to them found in white prejudice against black Americans was the tendency to believe that their disadvantages were due to their own qualities
• for example they don’t have jobs because they’re lazy
• therefore meaning that white Americans noted a black American being lazy, generalising it to their in-group (black Americans) and then may have restricted them getting jobs due to them believing that they are lazy
• this is there for supporting the theory of why individualistic cultures may become Prejudice
• has it shows at the attributions of one individual a generalized to a group and then are discriminated/ prejudice against them
• However Minard (1952) disagrees with the statements that individualistic cultures are less Prejudice and that they become Prejudice due to generalization of individuals attributes
• they found in the south of USA, that below ground in mines where social norms was friendly behaviour towards work colleagues
• 80 white miners were found to be friendly towards black miners
• however above the ground where social norms was Prejudice behavior by white people to black people the friendliness towards them dropped to 20
• this is due to the white miners conforming to different social norms above and below the ground
• suggesting that instead of individualistic cultures being Prejudice towards a group due to the generalization of an individuals attributions it may be due to the influence and conforming to social norms as shown by the results of study
• it also showed that when social norms states that the white miners should be prejudiced towards the black miners above ground they conformed and showed high levels of prejudice
• meaning that if the social norms state it, individualistic cultures can have high levels of prejudice
• this theory is evidence against both the formation of prejudice in individualistic cultures and the extent of Prejudice in individualistic cultures
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Judgment
Overall culture does impact Prejudice
• it has been shown with many studies that culture does have an effect on Prejudice, this may be due to conforming to social norms or due to actions and qualities of individuals or (out)groups
• however evidence is mixed on whether individualistic or collectivist cultures are more Prejudice than one another
• as there is evidence supporting both collectivist cultures and individualistic cultures having both high and low levels of prejudice meaning that there is insufficient evidence to suggest if one is more Prejudice than the other
• so to conclude culture and social norms do affect Prejudice however it is not clear whever individualistic cultures or collectivist cultures have higher levels of prejudice compared to the other
