Pregnancy & First Year of Life Flashcards
when does the development of organs, limbs buds, and facial features develop?
1st trimester
in which trimester are embryos extremely vulnerable to teratogens?
1st trimester
continued growth of organ systems and growth to over a foot long
2nd trimester
fetus gains 3/4 of weight, extensive brain growth, and fully mature lungs
3rd trimester
what is a low-birth weight?
less than 5.5 pounds
what are 4 risks associated with low-birth weight?
infection
learning disabilities
impaired physical development
risk of death in 1st year
what are considered pre-term babies?
before 38 weeks
what 3 things do pregnant women have to pay attention in regards to their intake?
macronutrients
micronutrients
fluids
an additional ___ kcal/day may be required in the 2nd and 3rd trimesters
300
how many proteins and carbs are needed in pregnancy?
protein: 60 g/day
carbs: 130 g/day
what macronutrient intake should not change during pregnancy?
fats
what 10 macronutrients are most critical during pregnancy?
vit A/B12/C/D
folate
calcium
iron
zinc
sodium
iodine
what is the need of fluids during pregnancy?
3 liters/day
why are nutritional needs of pregnant adolescents higher than adult women?
pregnant adolescents are more likely to have pre-term and low-birth weight babies
what must a complete vegetarian (vegan) carefully watch their intake of? (6)
Vit B6
Vit B12
Vit D
calcium
iron
zinc
why is dieting to lose weight not advisable during pregnancy?
calorie restriction limits nutrition availability for mother and fetus
what is an okay amount of caffeine to drink per day while pregnant?
1-2 cups/day
what increases the risk of miscarriage and low-birth weight in regards to caffeine?
more than 2 cups/day
why is optimal nutrition critical in the first year? (3)
baby’s organs/nervous system develop
grow 10 inches in length
triple their weight in 1st year
why are infant’s nutritional needs unique? (3)
must support rapid growth
GI and kidneys still immature
small in size
how long does the WHO recommend breast feeding?
first 2 years
when should breast milk and formula be supplemented with solid food?
4-6 months of age
what can result in reduced mental capacity, behavioral problems, and impaired growth in infants?
lead poisoning
