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Preventative Medicine > Blood Health & Energy Metabolism > Flashcards

Blood Health & Energy Metabolism Flashcards

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1
Q

what do many vitamins function as?

A

coenzymes

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2
Q

what do many minerals function as?

A

cofactors

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3
Q

a protein that accelerates the rate of a chemical reaction

A

enzymes

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4
Q

what are enzymes required for?

A

all metabolic reactions

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5
Q

an organic molecule that combines with an enzyme to facilitate enzyme function

A

coenzymes

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6
Q

what are B-complex vitamins especially important for?

A

energy metabolism

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7
Q

what are the 8 B-complex vitamins?

A

thiamin
riboflavin
niacin
vitamin B6
vitamin B12
folate
pantothenic acid
biotin

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8
Q

what is thiamin also known as?

A

vitamin B1

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9
Q

coenzyme required for glucose metabolism, branched chain amino acid metabolism, and production of DNA, RNA, and neurotransmitters

A

thiamin (vitamin B1)

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10
Q

what are 2 good sources of thiamin (vit B1)?

A

grains
pork

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11
Q

deficiency of thiamin resulting in muscle wasting and nerve damage

A

beriberi

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12
Q

serves as a coenzyme in oxidation-reduction reactions

A

riboflavin (vitamin B2)

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13
Q

what is a good source of riboflavin?

A

milk

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14
Q

riboflavin deficiency

A

ariboflavinosis

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15
Q

a patient has sore throat, swollen mucous membranes, and irritated patches of skin.

A

ariboflavinosis

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16
Q

coenzyme assisting with metabolism of carbohydrates and fatty acids

A

niacin

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17
Q

what are 3 good sources of niacin?

A

meat
fish
poultry

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18
Q

what can cause toxicity from niacin?

A

supplements

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19
Q

severe niacin deficiency

A

pellagra

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20
Q

a patient presents with dermatitis in sun exposed areas, diarrhea, dementia, and death. the 4 D’s

A

pellagra

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21
Q

coenzyme required by more than 100 enzymes involved in amino acid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, and synthesis of hemoglobin

A

vitamin B6 (pyridoxine)

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22
Q

what are good sources of vitamin B6 (pyridoxine)? (4)

A

cereal
meat
fish
poultry

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23
Q

a patient has nerve damage and skin lesions

A

toxicity from vitamin B6 (pyridoxine)

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24
Q

involved in DNA synthesis, amino acid metabolism and critical for cell division of very early embryos

A

Folate

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25
deficiency that results in anemia and neural tube defects
folate deficiency
26
what can high levels of folate mask?
signs of vit B12 deficiency
27
part of coenzymes that assist with blood formation and is required for nerve functioning and metabolism of homocysteine
vitamin B12 (cobalamin)
28
where is vitamin B12 found?
in animal-based foods
29
deficiency that results in pernicious anemia
vit B12 deficiency
30
what does long-term deficiency of vit B12 result in?
irreversible damage to the nervous system
31
component of coenzymes for fatty acid metabolism that is required for building new fatty acids
pantothenic acid
32
what is unique about pantothenic acid?
no toxicity from excess deficiency is rare
33
part of coenzyme involved in metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins
biotin
34
what vitamin is important for gluconeogenesis?
biotin
35
a patient has hair thinning, loss of hair color, and red rash on their face.
biotin deficiency
36
trace mineral that is critical for synthesis of thyroid hormone, which regulates body temperature and resting metabolic rate
iodine
37
results in hypothyroidism and goiter
iodine deficiency
38
mental retardation from iodine deficiency during embryonic development
cretinism
39
blocks synthesis of thyroid hormone
excess iodine
40
trace mineral that is necessary for proper functioning of insulin
chromium
41
what inhibits glucose absorption and/or utilization
chromium deficiency
42
trace mineral involved in energy metabolism and is part of an antioxidant enzyme system
manganese
43
a patient has an impaired nervous system causing spasms and tremors
manganese toxicity
44
what is the only fluid tissue in the body?
blood
45
red blood cells for transporting oxygen through the body
erythrocytes
46
white blood cells of the immune system
leukocytes
47
cell fragments that assist in blood clotting
platelets
48
the fluid portion of the blood
plasma
49
coenzyme for the synthesis of proteins involved in blood clotting
vitamin K
50
what produces some vitamin K?
intestinal bacteria
51
what can cause deficiency in vitamin K?
diseases that disturb absorption of fats
52
component of the protein hemoglobin that carries oxygen in erythrocytes and myoglobin that carries oxygen in muscle cells
iron
53
excess iron is stored in the body bound to the proteins _____ or _____
ferritin homosiderin
54
where is iron stored? (4)
liver bone marrow intestinal mucosa spleen
55
type of iron found in animal based foods
heme iron
56
type of iron found in plants
non-heme iron
57
which type of iron is more absorbable?
heme iron
58
what is the most common cause of poisoning deaths in children less than 6 yo?
iron overdose
59
a patient has nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, dizziness, and confusion.
iron overdose
60
what is the most common nutrient deficiency in the world?
iron deficiency
61
cofactor for hemoglobin production, part of an antioxidant enzyme system, development/function of immune system, and cell replication and normal growth
zinc
62
intestinal pain, cramps, nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, and impaired copper status.
zinc toxicity
63
growth retardation, diarrhea, and delayed sexual maturation.
zinc deficiency
64
cofactor for energy metabolism, collagen production, part of an antioxidant enzyme system, and required for iron transport
copper
65
intestinal pain, cramps, nausea, vomiting, and liver damage.
copper toxicity
66
what disease can copper toxicity cause?
Wilson's Disease
67
anemia, reduced white blood cells, and osteoporosis in children
copper deficiency
68
what is required for cell division and proper formation of the neural tube?
folate
69
what are required for metabolism of the amino acid homocysteine? (2)
folate vit B12
70
what may cause an increased level of homocysteine? (2)
low folate low vit B12
71
what are high levels of homocysteine associated with? (2)
cardiovascular dx cerebrovascular dx
72
any condition of low hemoglobin levels
anemia
73
last stage of iron deficiency that results in small pale red blood cells that do not contain enough hemoglobin
iron-deficiency anemia
74
fatigue, pale skin, impaired work performance, depressed immune function, and impaired memory
iron deficiency anemia
75
macrocytic anemia resulting from a lack of intrinsic factor, which reduces the ability to absorb the vitamin
pernicious anemia
76
caused by a deficiency of the active form of folic acid, secondary to a deficiency of vit B12 and results in enlarge RBCs
macrocytic anemia
77
what can prevent the development of macrocytic anemia?
high dietary intake of folate

Preventative Medicine (22 decks)

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