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Preventative Medicine > Blood Health & Energy Metabolism > Flashcards

Blood Health & Energy Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

what do many vitamins function as?

A

coenzymes

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2
Q

what do many minerals function as?

A

cofactors

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3
Q

a protein that accelerates the rate of a chemical reaction

A

enzymes

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4
Q

what are enzymes required for?

A

all metabolic reactions

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5
Q

an organic molecule that combines with an enzyme to facilitate enzyme function

A

coenzymes

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6
Q

what are B-complex vitamins especially important for?

A

energy metabolism

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7
Q

what are the 8 B-complex vitamins?

A

thiamin
riboflavin
niacin
vitamin B6
vitamin B12
folate
pantothenic acid
biotin

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8
Q

what is thiamin also known as?

A

vitamin B1

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9
Q

coenzyme required for glucose metabolism, branched chain amino acid metabolism, and production of DNA, RNA, and neurotransmitters

A

thiamin (vitamin B1)

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10
Q

what are 2 good sources of thiamin (vit B1)?

A

grains
pork

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11
Q

deficiency of thiamin resulting in muscle wasting and nerve damage

A

beriberi

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12
Q

serves as a coenzyme in oxidation-reduction reactions

A

riboflavin (vitamin B2)

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13
Q

what is a good source of riboflavin?

A

milk

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14
Q

riboflavin deficiency

A

ariboflavinosis

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15
Q

a patient has sore throat, swollen mucous membranes, and irritated patches of skin.

A

ariboflavinosis

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16
Q

coenzyme assisting with metabolism of carbohydrates and fatty acids

A

niacin

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17
Q

what are 3 good sources of niacin?

A

meat
fish
poultry

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18
Q

what can cause toxicity from niacin?

A

supplements

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19
Q

severe niacin deficiency

A

pellagra

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20
Q

a patient presents with dermatitis in sun exposed areas, diarrhea, dementia, and death. the 4 D’s

A

pellagra

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21
Q

coenzyme required by more than 100 enzymes involved in amino acid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, and synthesis of hemoglobin

A

vitamin B6 (pyridoxine)

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22
Q

what are good sources of vitamin B6 (pyridoxine)? (4)

A

cereal
meat
fish
poultry

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23
Q

a patient has nerve damage and skin lesions

A

toxicity from vitamin B6 (pyridoxine)

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24
Q

involved in DNA synthesis, amino acid metabolism and critical for cell division of very early embryos

A

Folate

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25
Q

deficiency that results in anemia and neural tube defects

A

folate deficiency

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26
Q

what can high levels of folate mask?

A

signs of vit B12 deficiency

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27
Q

part of coenzymes that assist with blood formation and is required for nerve functioning and metabolism of homocysteine

A

vitamin B12 (cobalamin)

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28
Q

where is vitamin B12 found?

A

in animal-based foods

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29
Q

deficiency that results in pernicious anemia

A

vit B12 deficiency

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30
Q

what does long-term deficiency of vit B12 result in?

A

irreversible damage to the nervous system

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31
Q

component of coenzymes for fatty acid metabolism that is required for building new fatty acids

A

pantothenic acid

32
Q

what is unique about pantothenic acid?

A

no toxicity from excess
deficiency is rare

33
Q

part of coenzyme involved in metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins

A

biotin

34
Q

what vitamin is important for gluconeogenesis?

A

biotin

35
Q

a patient has hair thinning, loss of hair color, and red rash on their face.

A

biotin deficiency

36
Q

trace mineral that is critical for synthesis of thyroid hormone, which regulates body temperature and resting metabolic rate

A

iodine

37
Q

results in hypothyroidism and goiter

A

iodine deficiency

38
Q

mental retardation from iodine deficiency during embryonic development

A

cretinism

39
Q

blocks synthesis of thyroid hormone

A

excess iodine

40
Q

trace mineral that is necessary for proper functioning of insulin

A

chromium

41
Q

what inhibits glucose absorption and/or utilization

A

chromium deficiency

42
Q

trace mineral involved in energy metabolism and is part of an antioxidant enzyme system

A

manganese

43
Q

a patient has an impaired nervous system causing spasms and tremors

A

manganese toxicity

44
Q

what is the only fluid tissue in the body?

A

blood

45
Q

red blood cells for transporting oxygen through the body

A

erythrocytes

46
Q

white blood cells of the immune system

A

leukocytes

47
Q

cell fragments that assist in blood clotting

A

platelets

48
Q

the fluid portion of the blood

A

plasma

49
Q

coenzyme for the synthesis of proteins involved in blood clotting

A

vitamin K

50
Q

what produces some vitamin K?

A

intestinal bacteria

51
Q

what can cause deficiency in vitamin K?

A

diseases that disturb absorption of fats

52
Q

component of the protein hemoglobin that carries oxygen in erythrocytes and myoglobin that carries oxygen in muscle cells

A

iron

53
Q

excess iron is stored in the body bound to the proteins _____ or _____

A

ferritin
homosiderin

54
Q

where is iron stored? (4)

A

liver
bone marrow
intestinal mucosa
spleen

55
Q

type of iron found in animal based foods

A

heme iron

56
Q

type of iron found in plants

A

non-heme iron

57
Q

which type of iron is more absorbable?

A

heme iron

58
Q

what is the most common cause of poisoning deaths in children less than 6 yo?

A

iron overdose

59
Q

a patient has nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, dizziness, and confusion.

A

iron overdose

60
Q

what is the most common nutrient deficiency in the world?

A

iron deficiency

61
Q

cofactor for hemoglobin production, part of an antioxidant enzyme system, development/function of immune system, and cell replication and normal growth

A

zinc

62
Q

intestinal pain, cramps, nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, and impaired copper status.

A

zinc toxicity

63
Q

growth retardation, diarrhea, and delayed sexual maturation.

A

zinc deficiency

64
Q

cofactor for energy metabolism, collagen production, part of an antioxidant enzyme system, and required for iron transport

A

copper

65
Q

intestinal pain, cramps, nausea, vomiting, and liver damage.

A

copper toxicity

66
Q

what disease can copper toxicity cause?

A

Wilson’s Disease

67
Q

anemia, reduced white blood cells, and osteoporosis in children

A

copper deficiency

68
Q

what is required for cell division and proper formation of the neural tube?

A

folate

69
Q

what are required for metabolism of the amino acid homocysteine? (2)

A

folate
vit B12

70
Q

what may cause an increased level of homocysteine? (2)

A

low folate
low vit B12

71
Q

what are high levels of homocysteine associated with? (2)

A

cardiovascular dx
cerebrovascular dx

72
Q

any condition of low hemoglobin levels

A

anemia

73
Q

last stage of iron deficiency that results in small pale red blood cells that do not contain enough hemoglobin

A

iron-deficiency anemia

74
Q

fatigue, pale skin, impaired work performance, depressed immune function, and impaired memory

A

iron deficiency anemia

75
Q

macrocytic anemia resulting from a lack of intrinsic factor, which reduces the ability to absorb the vitamin

A

pernicious anemia

76
Q

caused by a deficiency of the active form of folic acid, secondary to a deficiency of vit B12 and results in enlarge RBCs

A

macrocytic anemia

77
Q

what can prevent the development of macrocytic anemia?

A

high dietary intake of folate

Preventative Medicine (22 decks)

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