Carbohydrates Flashcards

1
Q

one of the 4 macronutrients that is a primary energy source, especially for nerve cells

A

carbohydrates

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2
Q

how are carbohydrates synthesized?

A

by plants through photosynthesis

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3
Q

what is the end-product of carbohydrates?

A

glucose

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4
Q

carbohydrates that contain only one sugar molecule

A

monosaccharide

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5
Q

carbohydrates that contain two sugar molecules

A

disaccharides

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6
Q

what are 3 examples of monosaccharides?

A

glucose
fructose
galactose

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7
Q

what are 3 examples of disaccharides?

A

lactose
maltose
sucrose

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8
Q

carbohydrates that are long changes of sugar molecules, in which glucose predominates

A

complex carbohydrates

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9
Q

carbohydrate chains that are greater than 10

A

polysaccharides

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10
Q

how do plants store glucose?

A

as starch

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11
Q

name the 2 types of starch

A

amylose
amylopectin

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12
Q

how do animals store glucose?

A

as glycogen

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13
Q

where is glycogen stored in the body?

A

liver and muscles

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14
Q

components of the plant cell wall that include carbohydrate and non-carbohydrate molecules; two types include soluble and insoluble

A

fiber

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15
Q

what is the most abundant fiber molecule?

A

cellulose

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16
Q

where does most chemical digestion of carbohydrates occur?

A

in small intestine

17
Q

enzyme produced in the pancreas and secreted into the small intestine to digest glycose polymers to maltose

A

pancreatic amylase

18
Q

what 3 enzymes digest disaccharides into monosaccharides?

A

maltase
sucrase
lactase

19
Q

what converts monosaccharides to glucose?

A

the liver

20
Q

what is done with excess glucose?

A

converted to glycogen by liver and muscle

21
Q

what 2 hormones control the level of glucose in the blood?

A

insulin
glucagon

22
Q

produced by the beta cells of the pancreas, promotes transport of glucose into most cells, and stimulates glucose metabolism in the liver

A

insulin

23
Q

produced by the alpha cells of the pancreas, stimulates the breakdown of glycogen in liver to glucose, and stimulates gluconeogenesis

A

glucagon

24
Q

the production of glucose from non-carbohydrate molecules

A

gluconeogenesis

25
Q

a food’s ability to raise blood glucose levels

A

Glycemic Index

26
Q

what is good about foods with a low glycemic index? (3)

A

better for diabetes
higher in fiber
reduce risk of heart disease and colon cancer

27
Q

a source of energy during intense exercise

A

glucose

28
Q

sufficient energy from carbohydrates prevents production of ______

A

ketones

29
Q

what can excessive ketones result in?

A

high blood acidity (ketoacidosis)

30
Q

what are carbohydrates known as?

A

“protein sparing”

31
Q

although simple sugars are associated with increased LDL and decreased HDL, they do not cause: (2)

A

hyperactivity
obesity