Carbohydrates Flashcards
one of the 4 macronutrients that is a primary energy source, especially for nerve cells
carbohydrates
how are carbohydrates synthesized?
by plants through photosynthesis
what is the end-product of carbohydrates?
glucose
carbohydrates that contain only one sugar molecule
monosaccharide
carbohydrates that contain two sugar molecules
disaccharides
what are 3 examples of monosaccharides?
glucose
fructose
galactose
what are 3 examples of disaccharides?
lactose
maltose
sucrose
carbohydrates that are long changes of sugar molecules, in which glucose predominates
complex carbohydrates
carbohydrate chains that are greater than 10
polysaccharides
how do plants store glucose?
as starch
name the 2 types of starch
amylose
amylopectin
how do animals store glucose?
as glycogen
where is glycogen stored in the body?
liver and muscles
components of the plant cell wall that include carbohydrate and non-carbohydrate molecules; two types include soluble and insoluble
fiber
what is the most abundant fiber molecule?
cellulose
where does most chemical digestion of carbohydrates occur?
in small intestine
enzyme produced in the pancreas and secreted into the small intestine to digest glycose polymers to maltose
pancreatic amylase
what 3 enzymes digest disaccharides into monosaccharides?
maltase
sucrase
lactase
what converts monosaccharides to glucose?
the liver
what is done with excess glucose?
converted to glycogen by liver and muscle
what 2 hormones control the level of glucose in the blood?
insulin
glucagon
produced by the beta cells of the pancreas, promotes transport of glucose into most cells, and stimulates glucose metabolism in the liver
insulin
produced by the alpha cells of the pancreas, stimulates the breakdown of glycogen in liver to glucose, and stimulates gluconeogenesis
glucagon
the production of glucose from non-carbohydrate molecules
gluconeogenesis
a food’s ability to raise blood glucose levels
Glycemic Index
what is good about foods with a low glycemic index? (3)
better for diabetes
higher in fiber
reduce risk of heart disease and colon cancer
a source of energy during intense exercise
glucose
sufficient energy from carbohydrates prevents production of ______
ketones
what can excessive ketones result in?
high blood acidity (ketoacidosis)
what are carbohydrates known as?
“protein sparing”
although simple sugars are associated with increased LDL and decreased HDL, they do not cause: (2)
hyperactivity
obesity
