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nutrition > Pregnancy and Lactation > Flashcards

Pregnancy and Lactation Flashcards

1
Q

mothers and fathers _____ prior to pregnancy can affect fertility

A

diet

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2
Q

folate intake for the formation of

A

neural tube

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3
Q

1st trimester

A
  • cell division
  • avoid teratogens
  • folate needs increase (600mg during pregnancy)
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4
Q

2nd trimester

A
  • nutrition is key

- maternal weight gain

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5
Q

how much weight on average does a woman gain during pregnancy?

A

25-35 pounds

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6
Q

maternal weight gain is a good indicator of

A

infant health

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7
Q

teratogen

A

something that causes malformation to an embryo

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8
Q

extra kcals needed in 2nd and 3rd trimester

A

extra 350-450 kcal/day

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9
Q

protein requirements during pregnancy

A

extra 25 grams/day (1.1 gm/kg)

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10
Q

____ and ____ needed for blood formation

A

folate and vitamin b12

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11
Q

increased need for vitamin

A

D

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12
Q

iron needs are

A

doubled

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13
Q

morning sickness remedies

A
  • bland carbs
  • small frequent meals
  • take prenatal vitamin with food
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14
Q

heartburn in pregnancy caused by ____ and ___ ___

A

-relaxed muscle and growing fetus

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15
Q

constipation and hemorroids during pregnancy caused by decreased ____ and ______

A

-GI motility and pressure from growing fetus

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16
Q

PICA typically related to

A

anemia

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17
Q

how common is it to develop diabetes after having gestational diabetes?

A

1/3 of women develop diabetes within 5 years

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18
Q

what is gestational diabetes?

A

the fetus’ cells uptake sugar and store it as fat

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19
Q

gestational diabetes treatment

A

-meds and diet

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20
Q

edema in pregnancy

A
  • caused by expanding blood volume

- no risk as long as BP doesn’t rise

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21
Q

edema is most common in

A

first pregnancies

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22
Q

preeclampsia/eclampsia signs

A
  • sharp gain in weight

- rise in BP, protein in urine, edema

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23
Q

preeclampsia/eclampsia typically happen when?

A

in the later half of the pregnancy

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24
Q

fetal alcohol syndrome can cause

A
  • learning disabilities
  • facial deformities
  • behavioral problems
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25
Q

what happens when you smoke during pregnancy?

A

reduces blood supply to the placenta and oxygen to the fetus

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26
Q

risks of smoking while pregnant

A
  • increased risk of low birth weight
  • miscarriage
  • premature delivery
  • sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
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27
Q

what is a low birth weight?

A

less than 5 1/2 pounds

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28
Q

how many weeks is a premature delivery?

A

less than 37 weeks

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29
Q

limit caffeine to ___ a day

A

200mg (2 small cups of coffee)

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30
Q

foods to avoid

A
  • mercury in fish
  • lox
  • brie, feta
  • lunchmeat
  • hotdogs
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31
Q

more vitamin __ ,vitamin __, ____, _____,and ____ needed when breastfeeding

A
  • vitamin A
  • vitamin C
  • niacin
  • zinc
  • fluid
32
Q

less ___ and ___ needed during breastfeeding

A

-folate and iron

33
Q

_____ reduces milk volume

A

smoking

34
Q

basis of infants diet for first year

A

breastmilk or formula

35
Q

when can infants have solids?

A

about 4-6 months

36
Q

birth weight ____ by 4 months and ___ by a year

A
  • doubles

- triples

37
Q

fat should supply how much of an infants calories?

A

50%

38
Q

protein for first 6 months

A

2.2 g/kg

39
Q

too much protein for infants is hard on the _____

A

kidneys

40
Q

____ is the most rapid period of growth

A

infancy

41
Q

infants at high risk for

A

dehydration

42
Q

infants iron needs

A

-iron fortified formula or supplement needed after a few months

43
Q

infants vitamin d needs

A

supplements recommended for breastfeeding infants

44
Q

injected at birth

A

vitamin K

45
Q

infant fluoride needs

A

-supplements from birth unless fluorinated water used to make formula

46
Q

breastfeeding vegan mothers should take a _________ supplement

A

vitamin B12

47
Q

kcal in breastmilk

A

about 175 kcal/cup

48
Q

about how many calories from fat in breastmilk?

A

50%

49
Q

hind milk

A

comes at the end of a breatfeeding session–more fat filled

50
Q

breastmilk is rich in _______

A

omega 3 fatty acids

51
Q

________ is lactose in breastmilk

A

carbohydrate

52
Q

lactose in breastmilk increases the absorption of _____, _______, and ______

A
  • calcium
  • iron
  • zinc
53
Q

colostrum

A

milky fluid released by mother before breast milk production begins

54
Q

when is colostrum produced?

A

in the first few days

55
Q

breastfeeding delays

A

fertility

56
Q

hormones from breastfeeding help the muscles of the ____ ___

A

uterus contract

57
Q

why is cows milk not given to children?

A
  • proteins and minerals too high
  • stress on kidney’s
  • increases risk of dehydration
  • can cause GI bleeding and anemia
58
Q

how is growth measured?

A

in growth charts

59
Q

why can babies eat solid food at 6 months?

A
  • kidney’s more developed
  • less risk of allergy
  • loss of extrusion reflex
  • GI tract can digest amylose
  • head and neck control
60
Q

extrusion reflex

A

baby pushing food out of their mouth with their tongue

61
Q

when can a baby have whole milk?

A

1 year

62
Q

how many cups of whole milk should a child have a day?

A

2-3 cups

63
Q

when can a child have low-fat milk?

A

after 2 years

64
Q

colic causes

A

can be from

  • veggies
  • onions
  • cows milk if breastfeeding
65
Q

when does a colic begin?

A

first couple of weeks

66
Q

when does a colic usually resolve?

A

after 3 months

67
Q

what is a colic?

A

when a baby cries for a long period of time for no apparent reason

68
Q

what is rare in breastfed babies?

A

constipation

69
Q

appetite matches ____ during childhood

A

growth

70
Q

75% of allergies caused by ______, ________, and _____ in childhood

A
  • milk
  • eggs
  • peanuts
71
Q

most common deficiency in childhood

A

iron deficiency anemia

72
Q

after adult height is reached, _____ _____ continues

A

weight gain

73
Q

_______ and ______ intake often low for girls

A
  • iron

- calcium

74
Q

snacks typically provide how much of calories for teen?

A

25%

75
Q

folate needs increased by ____ mg during pregnancy

A

600

nutrition (11 decks)

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