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nutrition > exam 3: metabolic stress > Flashcards

exam 3: metabolic stress Flashcards

1
Q

metabolic rate speeds ______ during severe stress

A

increase

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2
Q

purpose of inflammation

A
  • capillaries dilate so immune factors can come

- helps repair tissue

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3
Q

stress mobilizes nutrients into _____ and ______

A
  • glucose

- amino acids

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4
Q

what can happen if the immune factors fail?

A

an abcess

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5
Q

symptoms of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS)

A
  • increased body temp
  • increased HR
  • anorexia
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6
Q

blood _____ rises at the expense of _____

A
  • glucose

- protein

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7
Q

stress causes increases in (6)

A
  • cortisol
  • insulin
  • glucagon
  • catecholamines
  • ADH
  • aldosterone
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8
Q

stress effects on the body:

increased _____ _____ levels

A

-blood sugar

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9
Q

stress effects on the body:

_____ and ____ retention

A

-sodium and fluid

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10
Q

stress effects on the body:

elevated ________ levels

A

blood urea

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11
Q

stress effects on the body:

loss of _____

A

potassium

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12
Q

stress effects on the body:

negative ______ balance

A

nitrogen

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13
Q

_____ and _______ losses are high

A

-energy and protein

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14
Q

_____ causes depletion of protein in muscle, bone, connective tissue, and skin

A

cortisol

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15
Q

effects of too much cortisol

A
  • impairs wound healing
  • inhibits protein synthesis
  • increases insulin resistance
  • suppresses immune system
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16
Q

can kill bacterial invaders

A

stomach acid

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17
Q

what is the intestinal barrier?

A

villi crowded closely together so invaders cannot pass barrier

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18
Q

what is bacterial translocation?

A

infectious agent crosses intestinal barrier to enter body

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19
Q

____ to ___% of body’s immunologic secreting cells are in the _____

A

70-80%

-intestines

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20
Q

what can bacterial translocation lead to?

A
  • sepsis

- organ failure

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21
Q

immobility causes:

loss of ____ and ____

A
  • calcium

- protein

22
Q

immobility can cause ____ _____

A

kidney stones

23
Q

bacterial translocation example

A

long term use of broad spectrum antibiotics

24
Q

microvilli _____

A

shrink

25
Q

microvilli function

A

site for absorption of nutrients

26
Q

re-feeding syndrome

A

nourishment introduced too rapidly

27
Q

most immediate task

A

fluid and electrolytes

28
Q

_____ improves immune response

A

arginine

29
Q

vitamin __, __, and _____ used for wound healing

A
  • A
  • C
  • zinc
30
Q

protein requirements during stress

A

1.2 to 2 g/kg

31
Q

burn patients may need ___g/kg of protein

A

2.5

32
Q

what is a routine progressive diet?

A

starts with clear liquids and then to full liquid diet to a soft diet

33
Q

enteral feeding is feeding through the _____

A

intestines

34
Q

parenteral feeding is through an ____

A

IV

35
Q

peristalsis returns more quickly to the _____ than ______

A
  • intestines

- stomach

36
Q

early enteral feeding benefits

A
  • stimulates peristalsis
  • minimizes hyper metabolism
  • prevents bacterial translocation
37
Q

if GI tract is functional use ______ nutrition

A

enteral

38
Q

standard (intact) formula concentrations

A
  • 1 kcal
  • 1.5 kcal
  • 2 kcal/mL
39
Q

hydrolyzed (elemental) formula contains

A

protein broken down into small peptides or amino acids

40
Q

medium chained triglycerides (MCT) can make ______ easier

A

digestion

41
Q

modular formulas are made up of

A

only a single nutrient

42
Q

polycose as carbohydrates

A

modular formula

43
Q

transnasal tube examples

A
  • nasoduodenal tube
  • NG tube
  • nasojejunal tube
44
Q

enterostomy is used if feeding is needed for more than

A

4 weeks

45
Q

enterostomy examples

A
  • jejunosotomy

- gastrostomy

46
Q

placing the tube further down in the stomach can decrease the risk for ______

A

aspiration

47
Q

what is a bolus feeding?

A

large volume delivered into stomach

48
Q

how many mL is a bolus feeding?

A

200-400mL

49
Q

how do you measure the gastric residual?

A

slowly aspirate stomach contents with a syringe then measure what is left

50
Q

what amount of gastric residual would cause the nurse to withhold the feeding?

A

over 500mL

51
Q

how much of nutrition needs to be by mouth in order for a feeding tube to be removed?

A

2/3

52
Q

feeding rate

A

30-40mL per kg of body weight

nutrition (11 decks)

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