exam 3: atherosclerosis Flashcards
______ disease leading cause of death in US
cardiovascular
fatty streaks ______ and _____
- enlarge
- harden
arteries _____ and ______
- stiffen
- narrow
_____ and _____ accumulate as plaques grow
- cholesterol
- calcium
most people have evidence of well developed plaque by age ___
30
when the arteries stiffen and narrow it cause an increase in ____
blood pressure
most common type of cardiovascular disease
coronary artery disease
if atherosclerosis occurs in the heart it can lead to
_____ ______ disease, ____, or _______
- coronary artery
- MI
- angina
if atherosclerosis occurs in the brain it can lead to a
TIA
strokes and heart attacks are both _______ diseases
inflammatory
what is it when a blood clot sticks to plaque and closes the artery?
thrombosis
what is it called when a clot breaks free and loges into a small capillary?
embolism
______ ______ rises which further damages arteries
atherosclerosis risk factors:
high ____, low ____, high ____
- LDL
- HDL
- triglycerides
why do females over 55 or with premature menopause have a higher risk of developing atherosclerosis?
after menopause women’s cholesterol levels rise
______ is a major risk factor for atherosclerosis
smoking
LDL below ____ for high risk pts
70
LDL for normal risk pt below ____
100
HDL level greater than ____
60
triglycerides less than ____
150
normal BMI ___-_____
18.5-24.9
heart healthy diets emphasize ______, _____, and_______ _____
- fruits
- veggies
- whole grains
heart healthy diet limits ______ _____ to 5-7% of total kcal
saturated fat
heart healthy diet limits saturated fat intake to __-__% of total kcal
5-7%
heart healthy diet:
keep _____ ____ intake as low as possible
trans fat
____fibers can reduce LDL cholesterol levels
soluble
soluble fibers can reduce ___ cholesterol levels
LDL
dietary cholesterol doesn’t effect your blood levels nearly as much as ____ _____
saturated fat
keep dietary cholesterol to less than _____
200mg/day
_______ is a good substitute for butter in pts at high risk for heart disease
olive oil
plant sterols block the absorption of ________ from food
cholesterol
about _____ of plant sterols daily can lower LDL cholesterol
2 grams
omega 3 fatty acids can lower ________ ______ levels
blood triglyceride
it is recommended by the American Heart Association to
eat fish several times a week
omega 3 fatty acids suppress _______
inflammation
omega 3 fatty acids reduce _____ ______
blood clotting
alcohol in moderation can have favorable effects on coronary heart disease by raising _______ levels
HDL
_____ minutes a week of moderate intensity activity can help reduce risk for CHD
150
vitamin ___ supplements can increase risk of heart failure long term
E
______ influence blood volume
kidneys
_____ creates extra blood vessels
obesity
hypertension is 2 to 3 times more likely in ____ diabetes
type 2
hypertension:
_______ makes kidneys retain more sodium
hyperinsulinemia
hypertension accelerates _______
atherosclerosis
hypertension can lead to _____ and ____ failure
heart and renal
hypertension can cause _____ from pressure
aneurysm
diet rich in _____, ______, and _____ good for hypertension
- potassium
- calcium
- magnesium
DASH diet low in ____ and rich in _____, ____, and ______
- sodium
- calcium, potassium, magnesium
hypertension diet low in ____ ___, and___ ___ ___
- saturated fats
- trans fatty acids
exercise may building new ____ _____
coronary arteries
emphasize _______ fats, _____ __ ____ ___, ______ fiber, and ___ _____ in diets w pts with hypertension
- monounsaturated
- omega 3 fatty acids
- soluble fiber
- soy protein
____ temp meals after MI
moderate
congestive heart failure can cause _____, ______, and ______ edema
- pulmonary
- peripheral
- hepatic
increased ______ needs with CHF
energy
what med increases the pumping strength of the heart?
cardiac glycosides
meds for pts with CHF (4)
- cardiac glycosides
- diuretics
- potassium
- stool softeners
CHF:
restrict _____ and ______
- sodium
- fluid
sodium restriction about ___ grams/day
2
