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nutrition > exam 3: gallstones > Flashcards

exam 3: gallstones Flashcards

1
Q

___% of population have had gallstones

A

10%

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2
Q

80% of gallstones are made with ________

A

cholesterol

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3
Q

what is one of the most common surgeries?

A

-cholecystectomy

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4
Q

______ crystalizes with gallstones

A

cholesterol

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5
Q

______ increases risk of gallstones

A

obesity

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6
Q

______ weight loss increases risk for gallstones

A

rapid

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7
Q

______(men/women) at higher risk for gallstones

A

women

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8
Q

risk for gallstones increases with _____

A

-age

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9
Q

risk for gallstones increases with those who have _______, _______, and ________ _______ ________

A
  • diabetes
  • chrons
  • short bowel syndrome
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10
Q

_____ fiber may lower risk of gallstones

A

soluble

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11
Q

pigment stones ___% of gallstone cases

A

20%

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12
Q

if gallstone blocks flow of bile, it can lead to ______ or _____ damage

A
  • pancreatitis

- liver

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13
Q

_____ fat diet for gallstones

A

low

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14
Q

Phenyketonuria:

untreated will damage ____ and _____ developement

A
  • CNS

- brain

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15
Q

PKU diet:

very low _____ diet for life

A

protein

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16
Q

PKU:

develop deficiency in ______

A

tyrosine

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17
Q

babies with galactosemia cannot drink _______

A

breastmilk

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18
Q

PKU:

levels of _____ build up and can be converted to a toxic compound

A

phenylalanine

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19
Q

galactosemia:

inability to convert _______ to ________

A
  • galactose

- glucose

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20
Q

untreated galactosemia can damage _____, ______, and _______

A
  • livers
  • kidneys
  • brain
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21
Q

galactosemia diet:

_______ free for life

A

lactose

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22
Q

fatty liver causes

A
  • alcoholics
  • protein energy malnutrition
  • infection
  • malignancy
  • drug therapy
  • small bowel bypass surgery
  • TPN
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23
Q

as much as ___% of people have some type of fatty liver

A

20

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24
Q

fatty liver:

_______ accumulate and liver ______

A
  • triglycerides

- enlarges

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25
Q

fatty liver:

elevated ____, ______, _______ ______, and _____

A
  • ALT
  • AST
  • alkaline phosphatase
  • bilirubin
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26
Q

major reason for fatty liver is increase in _____ rates

A

obesity

27
Q

when the liver enlarges with a fatty liver it can go from _____ pounds to up to_____ pounds

A
  • 3 1/2

- 11

28
Q

fatty liver can lead to _____, _______, ______, and ______

A
  • cirrhosis
  • coagulation difficulty
  • renal failure
  • death
29
Q

watch _____ ______ fats, simple _____, and _____ with fatty liver

A
  • heart healthy fats
  • simple carbs
  • alcohol
30
Q

hepatitis is ______ of liver cells

A

destruction

31
Q

hepatitis caused by _____, _____, or ______

A
  • alcohol
  • drugs
  • toxins
32
Q

hepatitis symptoms

A
  • fatigue
  • joint pain
  • anorexia
  • nausea, vomiting
  • fever
  • jaundice
  • dark urine
33
Q

elevated _____ with hepatitis

A

transaminases

34
Q

hepatitis diet:

high ____, high _____ diet

A
  • calorie

- protein

35
Q

hepatitis A is spread through ____ and _____

A

food and water

36
Q

is hepatitis A contagious?

A

very

37
Q

most common cause of chronic liver disease through infection

A

hepatitis C

38
Q

hepatitis A often from

A

seafood that was polluted in water

39
Q

cirrhosis:

___ _____ forms

A

scar tissue

40
Q

pressure in _____ vein increases _____

A
  • portal

- blood pressure

41
Q

since esophagus lining is ____, it may wear away causing bleeding of _____ _______

A
  • thin

- esophogeal varices

42
Q

cirrhosis:

ascites increases ______

A

aldosterone

43
Q

elevated blood _______ levels with cirrhosis

A

ammonia

44
Q

elevated blood ammonia levels affects the ______

A

CNS

45
Q

hepatic coma s/s (5)

A
  • mental disturbances
  • mood changes
  • inability to control muscles
  • flapping tremor of hands
  • musty breath
46
Q

what is an esophageal varices?

A

bulging small blood vessels that bulge into lumen

47
Q

diseased liver can’t convert ammonia to _______

A

urea

48
Q

cause of ascites with diseased liver

A

liver can’t hold serum albumin

49
Q

serum ______ normally holds fluid in blood

A

albumin

50
Q

diet for cirrhosis:

___- ____ kcal/kg of carbs and fat

A

25-40

51
Q

cirrhosis protein intake

A

1.0-1.5 gram/kg

52
Q

cirrhosis sodium intake

A

1-2 grams a day

53
Q

ascites fluid intake

A

1500-2000 cc

54
Q

meds for cirrhosis

A
  • antibiotics
  • laxatives
  • diuretics
55
Q

vitamin ___, vitamin _____, ___ vitamins supplements needed

A
  • vitamin D
  • vitamin A
  • B vitamins
56
Q

calcium deficiency from ______, low serum _____, vitamin ___ deficiency

A
  • steatorrhea
  • albumin
  • vitamin D
57
Q

deficiency of ____, _____, and _____ from diuretics

A
  • potassium
  • magnesium
  • zinc
58
Q

low ____, low_____ foods may be needed for cirrhosis

A
  • sodium

- protein

59
Q

milk restricted to _____ servings

A

2

60
Q

use _____ before liver transplant to correct malnutrition

A

TPN

61
Q

symptoms of malnutrition and liver disease that are similar

A
  • edema

- low serum protein

62
Q

immunosuppressant drugs cause

A
  • nausea
  • mouth sores
  • hyperglycemia or diabetes
  • fluid and electrolyte imbalances
63
Q

patient with ___ _______ may need parenteral nutrition

A

esophageal varices

64
Q

______, elevated ______ _____ levels

A
  • hypertension

- blood lipid

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