- alcoholics - protein energy malnutrition - infection - malignancy - drug therapy - small bowel bypass surgery - TPN

exam 3: gallstones Flashcards by Stephanie Healey

___% of population have had gallstones

10%

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80% of gallstones are made with ________

cholesterol

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what is one of the most common surgeries?

-cholecystectomy

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______ crystalizes with gallstones

cholesterol

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______ increases risk of gallstones

obesity

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______ weight loss increases risk for gallstones

rapid

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______(men/women) at higher risk for gallstones

women

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risk for gallstones increases with _____

-age

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risk for gallstones increases with those who have _______, _______, and ________ _______ ________

diabetes
chrons
short bowel syndrome

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_____ fiber may lower risk of gallstones

soluble

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pigment stones ___% of gallstone cases

20%

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if gallstone blocks flow of bile, it can lead to ______ or _____ damage

pancreatitis

- liver

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_____ fat diet for gallstones

low

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Phenyketonuria:

untreated will damage ____ and _____ developement

- brain

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PKU diet:

very low _____ diet for life

protein

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PKU:

develop deficiency in ______

tyrosine

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babies with galactosemia cannot drink _______

breastmilk

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PKU:

levels of _____ build up and can be converted to a toxic compound

phenylalanine

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galactosemia:

inability to convert _______ to ________

galactose

- glucose

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untreated galactosemia can damage _____, ______, and _______

livers
kidneys
brain

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galactosemia diet:

_______ free for life

lactose

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fatty liver causes

alcoholics
protein energy malnutrition
infection
malignancy
drug therapy
small bowel bypass surgery
TPN

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as much as ___% of people have some type of fatty liver

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fatty liver:

_______ accumulate and liver ______

triglycerides

- enlarges

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fatty liver: elevated ____, ______, _______ ______, and _____

- ALT - AST - alkaline phosphatase - bilirubin

major reason for fatty liver is increase in _____ rates

obesity

when the liver enlarges with a fatty liver it can go from _____ pounds to up to_____ pounds

- 3 1/2 | - 11

fatty liver can lead to _____, _______, ______, and ______

- cirrhosis - coagulation difficulty - renal failure - death

watch _____ ______ fats, simple _____, and _____ with fatty liver

- heart healthy fats - simple carbs - alcohol

hepatitis is ______ of liver cells

destruction

hepatitis caused by _____, _____, or ______

- alcohol - drugs - toxins

hepatitis symptoms

- fatigue - joint pain - anorexia - nausea, vomiting - fever - jaundice - dark urine

elevated _____ with hepatitis

transaminases

hepatitis diet: high ____, high _____ diet

- calorie | - protein

hepatitis A is spread through ____ and _____

food and water

is hepatitis A contagious?

very

most common cause of chronic liver disease through infection

hepatitis C

hepatitis A often from

seafood that was polluted in water

cirrhosis: ___ _____ forms

scar tissue

pressure in _____ vein increases _____

- portal | - blood pressure

since esophagus lining is ____, it may wear away causing bleeding of _____ _______

- thin | - esophogeal varices

cirrhosis: ascites increases ______

aldosterone

elevated blood _______ levels with cirrhosis

ammonia

elevated blood ammonia levels affects the ______

CNS

hepatic coma s/s (5)

- mental disturbances - mood changes - inability to control muscles - flapping tremor of hands - musty breath

what is an esophageal varices?

bulging small blood vessels that bulge into lumen

diseased liver can't convert ammonia to _______

urea

cause of ascites with diseased liver

liver can't hold serum albumin

serum ______ normally holds fluid in blood

albumin

diet for cirrhosis: ___- ____ kcal/kg of carbs and fat

25-40

cirrhosis protein intake

1.0-1.5 gram/kg

cirrhosis sodium intake

1-2 grams a day

ascites fluid intake

1500-2000 cc

meds for cirrhosis

- antibiotics - laxatives - diuretics

vitamin ___, vitamin _____, ___ vitamins supplements needed

- vitamin D - vitamin A - B vitamins

calcium deficiency from ______, low serum _____, vitamin ___ deficiency

- steatorrhea - albumin - vitamin D

deficiency of ____, _____, and _____ from diuretics

- potassium - magnesium - zinc

low ____, low_____ foods may be needed for cirrhosis

- sodium | - protein

milk restricted to _____ servings

use _____ before liver transplant to correct malnutrition

TPN

symptoms of malnutrition and liver disease that are similar

- edema | - low serum protein

immunosuppressant drugs cause

- nausea - mouth sores - hyperglycemia or diabetes - fluid and electrolyte imbalances

patient with ___ _______ may need parenteral nutrition

esophageal varices

______, elevated ______ _____ levels

- hypertension | - blood lipid