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NUT2005 > Pregnancy > Flashcards

Pregnancy Flashcards

1
Q

Pregnancy summary

A

40 weeks
0-12 weeks
13-27 weeks
28-40 weeks

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2
Q

Week 0-2

A

Fertilisation of egg makes the embryonic disk

High rate of lethality

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3
Q

Week 3-8 of Pregnancy

A

Most sensitive to teratogenesis

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4
Q

Brain formation

A

3-28 weeks

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5
Q

Heart formation

A

3-6 weeks

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6
Q

Lungs

A

5-24/28 weeks

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7
Q

When does GI tract develop

A

3-24 weeks

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8
Q

Liver

A

3/4-12 weeks

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9
Q

Kidneys

A

4/5-12 weeks

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10
Q

Limbs

A

4/5 - 8 weeks

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11
Q

Eyes

A

3 - 20/24 weeks

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12
Q

Genitals

A

5 -7 weeks

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13
Q

Spinal

A

3/4 weeks

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14
Q

Physiological changes pregnancy

A 
Weight gain
Blood volume and cardiovascular changes
Renal changes
Respiratory Changes
Gastrointestinal changes
Metabolic adaptions
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15
Q

Blood volume expansion pregnancy

A

Needs to expand to make sure nutrients gets to baby
1-1.5litre increase of body water
Plasma volume increases by 40-50% resulting in less plasma proteins (albumin)
despite increase in red blood cells and haemoglobin does not increase as much as plasma.

Hard to notice anaemia as lower concn of iron

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16
Q

Renal Changes Pregnancy

A

Kidneys - support cardiovascular changes
Better capacity for excreting metabolic rate
Urine production actually decreases to 80%

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17
Q

Respiratory Changes Pregnancy

A

Gas exchange becomes more efficient
Maternal diaphragm greater movement and ribs increase outwards
As pregnancy goes on size of foetus limits this but respiration efficiency maintain as pregnant women breathe more rapidly

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18
Q

Metabolic Adaptions

A

Insulin resistance

2nd and 3rd trimester insulin secreted at 2-2.5 times higher

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19
Q

Gastrointestinal changes

A

Progesterone and oestrogen increases causing gut absorptive capacity to increase
Increased availability to mum and baby
Reduction in secretion of gastric juice
Gastric emptying slowed
Motility of small and large intestine reduced

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20
Q

Weight Gain Pregnancy

A

Foetus, placenta and amniotic fluid (4.8kg)
Mammary glands, uterus (1.4kg)
Lean body mass, fat (3.3kg)
Plasma volume and extracellular body water (2.9kg)

21
Q

Underweight Weight gain during pregnancy

A

12.5kg-18kg

22
Q

Healthy weigh gain during pregnancy

A

11.5-16kg

23
Q

Overweight weight gain during pregnancy

A

7-11.5kg

24
Q

Obese weight gain during pregnancy

A

6.8kg

25
Q

Gastrointestinal Changes Pregnancy

A

Progesterone and oestrogen increase - causing gut absorptive capacity to increase
Reduction in secretion of gastric juice
Gastric emptying slowed
Motility of small and large intestine

26
Q

Factorial Method for assessment of requirement during pregnancy

A

Pregnant require = Non-pregnant + Increased requirement - Reduced requirement

27
Q

Energy requirements during pregnancy

A

No need to increase energy intake till last few weeks
Increase intake EAR is by 200kCal a day
However, if underweight at start of pregnancy or active then may require more

28
Q

Protein Requirements during pregancy

A

Gain almost 1kg of protein during pregnancy (mostly 1st and 2nd)
DRV states and additional 6g/day (RNI is 51g/day)

After 20 weeks foetal liver can synthesis non-essential

29
Q

Lipid intake During pregnancy

A

Crucial for fpetal development - membrane and brain made up of them

Depletion of DHA is associated with reduced visual function

High intake of n-3 increased gestation, birth weight and reduce risk of premmie.
Need to be cautious though as fish and fish oils may be contaminated with mercury

30
Q

Which Vitamin Requirements Increase during pregnancy

A

Vitamin A
Vitamin C
Vitamin D

31
Q

Vitamin A and Pregnancy

A

Increase requirement by 100ug
However, most mothers consume enough
If consume more than 8000ug can increase chance of birth defects

No Vit A supplement

32
Q

Vitamin C and Pregnancy

A

Increase RNI by 10mg/day in third trimester

33
Q

Vitamin D and Pregnancy

A

10ug/day supplement

34
Q

Minerals and Pregnancy

A

Often with minerals need increases but ability to uptake increases due to GI changes so no additional requirement is needed

35
Q

Aversion during pregnancy

A

Strong disliking’s during pregnancy

Early - tea, coffee, alcohol, fried food, eggs
Later - sweet

36
Q

Cravings during pregnancy

A

Compulsive urge for food not previously desired in excess

37
Q

Pica

A

Craving for a non-food substance
May indicate nutrient deficiency
Higher prevalence in rural areas

Leads to toxicity or malnutrition

38
Q

Morning Sickness

A

Nausea and Vomiting in the first trimester

Recommended to eat cracker, toast and dry cereals

Small frequent meals
Keep hydrates
Avoid tea and coffee
Avoid or limit fatty and spicy foods

39
Q

Ginger

A

Has been found to improve mild to moderate nausea

40
Q

Hypermis Gravidarum

A

Persistent Vomiting
3 episodes of vomiting a day
Lose at least 3kg or 5% body weight
Leads to Dehydration, acidosis and alkalosis
Requires fluid and electrolyte replacement
If not treatment can be life threatening
Oesophageal rupture

41
Q

Pre-eclampsia

A 
Hypertension
proteinuria
Oedema
Lead to haemolysis
Elevated liver enzymes
Low platelets

Prevention - magnesium sulphate, calcium

42
Q

Heartburn and pregnancy

A

Increased abdominal pressure caused by enlarge uterus pushing against GI
Progesterone decreases integrity of cardiac sphincter resulting in mor acid reflux

Common in third trimester

Small frequent snacks, eat slowly, milk and yogurt, avoid lying down after eating

43
Q

Constipation and Haemorrhoids

A

Progesterone slows peristaltic action of smooth muscles in bowel
Enlarged uterus displaces internal organs

Increase fluid intake
High fibre diet
Increased physical activity

44
Q

Gestational Diabetes

A

Pregnant women with no prior history of diabetes
Mostly resolves after birth

Associated with increased incidence of premmie and pre-natal motility

Low sugar
High Fibre
Regular snacks

45
Q

Smoking and pregnancy

A

6% women currently smoke at the end of pregnancy

46
Q

Alcohol and pregnancy

A

Alcohol can pass through placenta

Can lead to spontaneous abortion
Nervous system impairment
Birth defects
Foetal alcohol syndrome
Attachment disorder
Difficulty socialising
47
Q

Food safety and pregnancy

A

Toxoplasmosis - abnormalities, blindness, mental retardation

Listeriosis - brain damage

48
Q

Obesity during pregnancy

A

Higher risk of
Gestation diabetes
pre-eclampsia and childhood obesity for baby.

Exposes foetus to bad uterus environement (changing reward pathway to prefer high fat and saturated foods)

NUT2005 (10 decks)

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