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NUT2005 > Menopause > Flashcards

Menopause Flashcards

1
Q

What are phytoestrogens

A

Naturally occurring chemical compounds found in plants
Antifungal agent
Structured similarly to mammalian oestrogen

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2
Q

Phytoestrogen structure

A

Phenol rings
Hydroxyl group
Distance between two structures
May exert oestrogenic properties

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3
Q

Phytoestrogens Definition

A

Any plant substance or metabolite that induces biological responses in vertebrates and can mimic or modulate the action of endogenous oestrogen usually by binding to oestrogen receptors

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4
Q

Phytoestrogens sub-group

A

Flavonoids

Non-flavonoids

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5
Q

Flavonoids sub-group

A

Isoflavones
Coumestans
Prenyl flavonoids

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6
Q

Isoflavones

A

Richest source is soyabean
Legumes
Lentils
Chickpeas

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7
Q

Coumestans

A

Similar physical and chemical properties to isoflavones
Less well studied
Coumestrol – most common coumestan found in food
Young sprouting legumes
Clover
Alfalfa sprouts

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8
Q

Prenylated Flavonoids

A

Structural similarity to isoflavones
Prenyl group rather than hydroxyl group
Found in high concentration in some beers
Hops

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9
Q

Lignans

A

Flaxseed is most concentrated source of lignans – rarely consumes
Common consumption through cereal and whole grain products
o Rye
o Barley
o Wheat
Other sources – Sesame, fruits and veg

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10
Q

What determines Phytoestrogen Concentration

A 
Natural Variation
Influenced by:
Genetics
Crop year
Environment
Harvesting and Processing
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11
Q

Consumers of Phytoestrogens

A

Vegetarians and Vegans (Isoflavones and lignin’s)

Japanese/Chinese (isoflavones)

Soy based food consumers (isoflavones)

Phytoestrogen dietary supplement consumers

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12
Q

Cancer

A
  • Multi-factorial – genetics, lifestyle, diet
  • Hormone dependent – Breast, prostate, female reproductive tract
  • Lower in Asia
  • Support of migrant studies
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13
Q

Bioavailability Definition

A

The fraction of ingested nutrient utilized for normal physiological function

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14
Q

Non-nutrients definition

A

Effectiveness of a chemical in eliciting response in a target tissue

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15
Q

Menopause

A 
Ovarian failure
51+
Peri-menopausal - 1-5yrs
Irregular periods
Hot flushes
Fatigue
Body changes
Headaches
Memory problems
Joint and muscle stiffness
Bladder weakness
Psychological changes
Vaginal dryness
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16
Q

Menopause south east asia

A

Report few and differing symptoms to western world

Thought it might be due to diet difference

17
Q

Cardiovascular disease and Menopause

A

Major cause of morbidity
Risk increases after menopause
Idea oestrogen is protective
Hormone supplementation helps reduce risk in women

18
Q

Hormone supplementation and Cardiovascular disease

A

Oestrogen decrease atherosclerosis
Improve lipid profile
Enhanced vascular reactivity
However,

Heart and Estrogen/Progestin intervention trial

  • increased early CVD
  • Hypertriglyceridemia
  • Hypercoagulable state
19
Q

South east Asia and Cardiovascular disease

A

CHD mortality rates lower in Eastern Population
Beaglehole (1990)

Could phytoestrogens play a role?

20
Q

Osteoporosis

A

Disease characterised by bone mass loss and microarchitectural deterioration of bone

21
Q

Bone remodelling

A

Continuous process
Renewal of bone - deuteriation, Redistributing of matrix where there is stress
Bone formation occurring after bone resorption

Must be tightly controlled
Controlled by hormones and growth factors

22
Q

Oestrogen

A

Critical importance of oestrogen - prevent bone resorption and promote increased bone density
Menopause - significant reduction in circulating levels

23
Q

Hip fractures in japan

A

Lower levels in post-menopause women

Eat more soy

220 per 100/000 in oxford
90 in japan

24
Q

Could phytoestrogens offer a solution to bone mass loss post-menopause

A

Current use HRT but that increase chance of breast cancer

Phytoestrogen mimic oestrogen to inhibit bone resorption and may stimulate bone formation
May absorb more calcium

25
Q

Phytoestrogen and calcium

A

High animal protein intake increases calcium loss via urine

Replacing animal with soy reduce this loss

26
Q

Research study Methods

A
  • Can animal studies be considered representative of humans
  • Are phytoestrogens consumed from diet or supplements
  • Quantity consumed
  • Length of consumption
  • Double blind?
  • Can people remember their historical dietary consumption
  • How much influence does historical dietary consumption
  • Objective or subjective improvement
  • How long does the effect last
  • In cross-over studies, is there a wash-out period
27
Q

Observation in humans and synthetic oestrogen

A

Diethylstilboestrol
Drug to prevent miscarriage used in 1940s
Abnormal reproductive development during puberty
Vaginal adenocarcinoma

28
Q

What are the critical periods of sexual development and reproduction

A 
Embryo
Foetus
Neonatal period
Puberty
Adulthood
29
Q

Human and Animal studies on phytoestrogens

A

Effect of phytoestrogen on reproduction or sexual development unethical in humans
Use animal but:
-reproductive and sexual development different
-Route of administration
-Exposure per kg

30
Q

Foetal exposure to phytoestrogens

A

Lower birth weight and delayed sexual maturation in rats when mother exposed to genistein
Female offspring of mice exposed to genistein had early mammary gland development

Perinatal exposure - irregular oestrogen cycle in rat but irregularity found similar in normal rats and so found to not impact

31
Q

Weaning exposure to phytoestrogen

A

Advanced puberty

Longer oestrogen cycles and abnormalities in reproductive tissue in female mice but did bot effect fertility

32
Q

Human studies and phytoestrogen

A

• More abnormal menstrual cycle for those working with hops
• Increased rate of male hypospadias in vegetarian mothers
• Longer and more painful periods for those who fed soy as a child
• Consumption of soy infant formula associated with premature thelarche
• However, males supplemented with isoflavones showed no difference in sex hormone concentration or semen quality
• Infants – greater risk to infants fed on soy-based infant formula
o Asian countries - <1mg/kg body weight
o 4 month infant exclusive fed soya formula - <5mg/kg body weight

33
Q

Menopause and Cardiovascular disease

A

Oestrogen increases storage of peripheral fat
Post menopause less oestrogen so more fat around organs

Muscle mass decrease
Lower BMR
Blood pressure with age

34
Q

UCLP

A

Step 1 - mindset
Step 2 - Healthy swap
Step 3 - Introduce 4 UCLP foods a day

NUT2005 (10 decks)

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