Childhood and Adolescents Flashcards
Childhood and adolescents Overview
2-20 years
Huge difference between between ages
During adolescents there is rapid lean body mass growth
After puberty fat mass also increases (greater in female)
Pre-school
1-5yrs
School age
5-12
Adolescents
9-19
Nutrient needs determined by in childhood
Age Body size Activity Growth rate Changing circumstances (illness and infection)
Why is nutrition important in adolescents
Want to create good habits as they transition to adulthood
By 5 should achieve an adult style diet (3 meal and 2 snacks)
Preschool children Understanding
Requirements are high in relation to size
95kcal/kg
Small stomachs preventing eating large quantities of food
Appetite varies depending on growth rate
Per year should gain 2kg and grow 8cm
Pre-school children aims
4-5 servings per day
Cereal, bread and potatoes with all meal
Meat or alternative twice a day
One pint of milk a day (can be semi skimmed after 2yrs)
Common nutritional problems in children
Overweight and obesity Micronutrient deficiencies (Iron and vitamin D) Food refusal Growth faltering Dental problems Constipation Diarrhoea Food allergies
Approaches to manage childhood obesity
Reduce energy intake without reducing volume
Increased time required to consume food leading to increase satiety
Wholefood versions
Organise eating periods to prevent grazing
Reduce intake of empty calories
Discourage inactivity and encourage activity
Vitamin and Mineral supplementation children
Vitamin A and D every day
Especially fussy eaters
Toddlers of Asian, African and middle eastern decent and those in the north of UK
Iron deficiency Anaemia toddlers
25-35% of ethnic minority and white young children from impoverished backgrounds
Happens when breast is replaced by cows
0-3month RNI for iron
1.7 mg/day
4-6month RNI for iron
4.3 mg/day
7-12months RNI for iron
7.8 mg/day
1-3yrs RNI for iron
6.9 mg/day
Preventing anaemia toddlers
Iron rich diet
Not to give cows milk before 1
Avoid excess milk after 1 (follow on formulas/ breast)
Avoid phytates and tannins in teas as inhibits absorption
Include vitamin C in diet
Rickets (vit D deficiency) toddlers
1 in 100 children in the UK
Can be passed o during pregnancy
Common in children with limited opportunities to play outside
Food refusal toddler
Infants not offered wide range of food in infants more likely to be picky
After 12 months become reluctant to try new foods
Offer food 10+ try’s before accept
Distaste, disgust and contamination fears with new food
Parents make worse with own behaviour
Can be caused by family meal times - distraction and threatening
Childhood bowel habits
By 4 adult frequency attained
Constipation and toddler diarrhoea are common
Childhood constipation
Pain from anal fissure Fever, dehydration and immobility Psychological problems Poor dietary fluid intake Excess milk inadequate fibre low fluid
to treat: Toilet training Plenty of water increase fibre Limit milk to 3x120mls
Toddler Diarrhoea
6-20 months
Minor infection
Low fat intake
Excess fruit juice
Dental Problems in toddler
Caused by - frequent consumption of food and liquids containing simple sugars and sticky food
Prolonged bottle feeding/ sleeping with a bottle
Recommend oral hygiene from 1yrs with fluoride hygiene and avoid sugary foods
General Parental advice for toddlers
Meals fun Offer regular meals and snacks rather than grazing Bright colours Calm and relaxed eating environment Don't rush meal times Monitor calories from liquids Encourage self-feeding Cut food Avoid meal times when child is tired Avoid using food as a reward Recognise satiety signals
School children
Eat less ties a day
Tend to be less hungry
Can eat more food at each sitting
School children and healthy eating
Healthy lunches and snacks
Have school meal provisions (milk and healthy lunch and snack provisions)
What influences food choice
Previous foo experience
Peers
Media
Advertising
Adolescents needs
Vita A, C, folate and zinc support growth
Vit D, calcium and phosphate help support bone formation
Iron needs increase when menstruation starts
Unhealthy balance of sodium, potassium and water is common
Calcium requirements
1300mg for ages 9-18yrs
Iron
Supports muscle growth and increased blood volume
RNI for females age 14-18 is a lot higher
Anaemia common in adolescents, especially among individual who limit intake of enriched grains, meat and legumes
Female age 14-18 RNI iron
14.8mg/day
Male age 14-18 RNI iron
11.3mg/day
Vitamin C in adolescents
Recommended intake with every meal
Stages of adolescents
Early - 10-14
Late - 15-19
Young adult - 20-24
Why does adolescent nutrition matter
Quarter of global population
Healthiest population who are most able to improve economic productivity
Trends of undernutrition adolescents
On the decline
Over 5 more and more concern of over nutrition
5% population but more than double in Asia and Africa
Overnutrition concerns in adolescents
Over 5 growing concern
Increasing rates of overweight and obesity among children and adolescents
obesity affect 1/3 worldwide
Overnutrition leads to
Raised cholesterol Raised triglyceride and glucose Type 2 diabetes High blood pressure Increased risk of being obese as an adult
Other Food trends in children
Protein-enery malnutrition is in top 10 causes of deaths
Concerns for iron deficiency
Puberty
Maturation of sexual organs impacts nutrition the most
Begin as early as 8 and extended to beyond 19
Height and body weight increase (50% of adulthood body weight is gained)
Bone mass, muscle mass and blood volume expands
Organs increase in size
Growth only occurs 5% of time (growth spurts)
Growth happens at night - leading to change in sleeping patterns
Breast development
B1-B5
Pubic hair development
PH1 -PH5
Genital development
G1 - G5
Metabolsim of adolescents
Directly related to TEE and indirectly to growth
Excess consumption lead to overweight and obesity
Decreased total energy expenditure below BMR lead to stunting and puberty delay, menstrual abnormalities and interfere with bone mass accumulation
Adolescents and Pregnancy
16 million babies born from adolescent mothers
Fertility 3% higher
Been found mothers can continue to growth in nutrients are adequate
Some studies suggest it inhibits
Known pregnancy increases cahnce of stunting and low birth weight for baby
5% more likely to die from birth
Baby 50% increased risk of stillbirth, neonatal death and well as being pre-ter,
Pre-eclampsia is less likely in adolescents but if obese the risk drastically increases
