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NUT2005 > Childhood and Adolescents > Flashcards

Childhood and Adolescents Flashcards

1
Q

Childhood and adolescents Overview

A

2-20 years
Huge difference between between ages
During adolescents there is rapid lean body mass growth
After puberty fat mass also increases (greater in female)

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2
Q

Pre-school

A

1-5yrs

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3
Q

School age

A

5-12

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4
Q

Adolescents

A

9-19

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5
Q

Nutrient needs determined by in childhood

A 
Age
Body size
Activity
Growth rate
Changing circumstances (illness and infection)
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6
Q

Why is nutrition important in adolescents

A

Want to create good habits as they transition to adulthood

By 5 should achieve an adult style diet (3 meal and 2 snacks)

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7
Q

Preschool children Understanding

A

Requirements are high in relation to size
95kcal/kg
Small stomachs preventing eating large quantities of food
Appetite varies depending on growth rate
Per year should gain 2kg and grow 8cm

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8
Q

Pre-school children aims

A

4-5 servings per day
Cereal, bread and potatoes with all meal
Meat or alternative twice a day
One pint of milk a day (can be semi skimmed after 2yrs)

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9
Q

Common nutritional problems in children

A 
Overweight and obesity
Micronutrient deficiencies (Iron and vitamin D)
Food refusal
Growth faltering
Dental problems
Constipation
Diarrhoea
Food allergies
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10
Q

Approaches to manage childhood obesity

A

Reduce energy intake without reducing volume
Increased time required to consume food leading to increase satiety
Wholefood versions
Organise eating periods to prevent grazing
Reduce intake of empty calories
Discourage inactivity and encourage activity

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11
Q

Vitamin and Mineral supplementation children

A

Vitamin A and D every day
Especially fussy eaters
Toddlers of Asian, African and middle eastern decent and those in the north of UK

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12
Q

Iron deficiency Anaemia toddlers

A

25-35% of ethnic minority and white young children from impoverished backgrounds
Happens when breast is replaced by cows

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13
Q

0-3month RNI for iron

A

1.7 mg/day

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14
Q

4-6month RNI for iron

A

4.3 mg/day

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15
Q

7-12months RNI for iron

A

7.8 mg/day

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16
Q

1-3yrs RNI for iron

A

6.9 mg/day

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17
Q

Preventing anaemia toddlers

A

Iron rich diet
Not to give cows milk before 1
Avoid excess milk after 1 (follow on formulas/ breast)
Avoid phytates and tannins in teas as inhibits absorption
Include vitamin C in diet

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18
Q

Rickets (vit D deficiency) toddlers

A

1 in 100 children in the UK
Can be passed o during pregnancy
Common in children with limited opportunities to play outside

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19
Q

Food refusal toddler

A

Infants not offered wide range of food in infants more likely to be picky
After 12 months become reluctant to try new foods

Offer food 10+ try’s before accept
Distaste, disgust and contamination fears with new food
Parents make worse with own behaviour
Can be caused by family meal times - distraction and threatening

20
Q

Childhood bowel habits

A

By 4 adult frequency attained

Constipation and toddler diarrhoea are common

21
Q

Childhood constipation

A 
Pain from anal fissure
Fever, dehydration and immobility 
Psychological problems
Poor dietary fluid intake
Excess milk
inadequate fibre
low fluid
to treat:
Toilet training
Plenty of water
increase fibre
Limit milk to 3x120mls
22
Q

Toddler Diarrhoea

A

6-20 months
Minor infection
Low fat intake
Excess fruit juice

23
Q

Dental Problems in toddler

A

Caused by - frequent consumption of food and liquids containing simple sugars and sticky food
Prolonged bottle feeding/ sleeping with a bottle

Recommend oral hygiene from 1yrs with fluoride hygiene and avoid sugary foods

24
Q

General Parental advice for toddlers

A 
Meals fun
Offer regular meals and snacks rather than grazing
Bright colours
Calm and relaxed eating environment
Don't rush meal times
Monitor calories from liquids
Encourage self-feeding
Cut food
Avoid meal times when child is tired
Avoid using food as a reward
Recognise satiety signals
25
Q

School children

A

Eat less ties a day
Tend to be less hungry
Can eat more food at each sitting

26
Q

School children and healthy eating

A

Healthy lunches and snacks

Have school meal provisions (milk and healthy lunch and snack provisions)

27
Q

What influences food choice

A

Previous foo experience
Peers
Media
Advertising

28
Q

Adolescents needs

A

Vita A, C, folate and zinc support growth
Vit D, calcium and phosphate help support bone formation
Iron needs increase when menstruation starts
Unhealthy balance of sodium, potassium and water is common

29
Q

Calcium requirements

A

1300mg for ages 9-18yrs

30
Q

Iron

A

Supports muscle growth and increased blood volume
RNI for females age 14-18 is a lot higher

Anaemia common in adolescents, especially among individual who limit intake of enriched grains, meat and legumes

31
Q

Female age 14-18 RNI iron

A

14.8mg/day

32
Q

Male age 14-18 RNI iron

A

11.3mg/day

33
Q

Vitamin C in adolescents

A

Recommended intake with every meal

34
Q

Stages of adolescents

A

Early - 10-14
Late - 15-19
Young adult - 20-24

35
Q

Why does adolescent nutrition matter

A

Quarter of global population

Healthiest population who are most able to improve economic productivity

36
Q

Trends of undernutrition adolescents

A

On the decline
Over 5 more and more concern of over nutrition

5% population but more than double in Asia and Africa

37
Q

Overnutrition concerns in adolescents

A

Over 5 growing concern
Increasing rates of overweight and obesity among children and adolescents

obesity affect 1/3 worldwide

38
Q

Overnutrition leads to

A 
Raised cholesterol
Raised triglyceride and glucose
Type 2 diabetes
High blood pressure
Increased risk of being obese as an adult
39
Q

Other Food trends in children

A

Protein-enery malnutrition is in top 10 causes of deaths

Concerns for iron deficiency

40
Q

Puberty

A

Maturation of sexual organs impacts nutrition the most
Begin as early as 8 and extended to beyond 19
Height and body weight increase (50% of adulthood body weight is gained)
Bone mass, muscle mass and blood volume expands
Organs increase in size

Growth only occurs 5% of time (growth spurts)
Growth happens at night - leading to change in sleeping patterns

41
Q

Breast development

A

B1-B5

42
Q

Pubic hair development

A

PH1 -PH5

43
Q

Genital development

A

G1 - G5

44
Q

Metabolsim of adolescents

A

Directly related to TEE and indirectly to growth

Excess consumption lead to overweight and obesity

Decreased total energy expenditure below BMR lead to stunting and puberty delay, menstrual abnormalities and interfere with bone mass accumulation

45
Q

Adolescents and Pregnancy

A

16 million babies born from adolescent mothers
Fertility 3% higher
Been found mothers can continue to growth in nutrients are adequate
Some studies suggest it inhibits

Known pregnancy increases cahnce of stunting and low birth weight for baby

5% more likely to die from birth
Baby 50% increased risk of stillbirth, neonatal death and well as being pre-ter,

Pre-eclampsia is less likely in adolescents but if obese the risk drastically increases

NUT2005 (10 decks)

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