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NUT2005 > Fertility > Flashcards

Fertility Flashcards

1
Q

Puberty trends

A

Starting earlier

Decreases about 3 months every decade

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2
Q

Critical fat hypothesis

A

To be able to reproduce/ hit puberty need to hit a critical fat amount

Not just about volume of fat it is also fat to lean mass ratio
Accepted value 24%

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3
Q

Metabolic signal hypothesis

A

Fat availability triggers hypothalamus resulting in a change of hormones

Availability and oxidation of fuel links to being ready to reproduce

Certain metabolites available and being sensed by brain and liver

Links to leptin

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4
Q

Undernutrition Females

A

Diminished energy stores post puberty leads to irregular menstruation or amenorrhoea

Happens as it prevents pregnancy where a foetus wouldnt survive and protects mother who needs to preserve own energy

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5
Q

Potential mother in BMI index of 14.9 kg/m2

A

Spontaneous abortion
Congenital abnormalities
Perinatal mortality
UUGR (intra-uterine growth retardation)

If eats enough to support baby ad mother then there is potential for mother to deliver healthy baby

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6
Q

Famine and Pregnancy

A

If a child is conceived before famine but born during famine reduce risk of defects

If conceived during famine and born after the higher chance of defects

Conceived up to 4 months after famine then most likely to have defects

Conceived after 4 months famine return almost as if normal

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7
Q

Famine and Pregnancy explained

A

Shows that there is a critical point of returning mother to health status in order to be able to have a healthy pregnancy

Around 4 months

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8
Q

Males and undernutrition

A 
Loss of libido
Loss of prostate fluid
Decrease sperm motility
Decrease sperm longevity
Once 25% body weight gone sperm count is reduced

Weight gain reversers issue in the reverse order

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9
Q

Obesity and Male fertility link

A

Obesity
Reduced lipolysis, lipid mobilisation
Increased adipogenesis

Leads to Insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome

Reduces androgen secretions

Alters androgen status leads to subfertility

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10
Q

Obesity in males overall effect of sexual activity

A 
Psychological handicap
Gross obesity alters sex hormones
Associated with erectile disfunction 
Increased oligospermia
Interfere with the physical performance
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11
Q

Overweight and female fertility

A

Increased ovulatory disorder infertility - BMI over 30
Increased incidences of miscarriages
NTDs offspring seen more even if have adequate folate

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12
Q

How much has semen Quality declined

A

50-60% over 40 years

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13
Q

Mcrolevel how to increase sperm quality

A 
Selenium
Zinc
Omega-3
Coenzyme Q10
Carnitine
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14
Q

What foods to eat to increase male fertility

A 
Fruits
Veg
Nuts
Whole cereal
Fish
Seafood
Poultry
Low fat dairy
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15
Q

Antioxidant and male fertillity

A

Sperm at risk of oxidative stress

Selenium increases glutathione peroxidase-1 and helps remove free radical

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16
Q

Zinc and male fertility

A

Zinc acts as a membrane stabiliser

Prevents oxidative components binding to membrane such as NAD+

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17
Q

Omega-3 and male fertility

A

Anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant

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18
Q

Carnitine and male fertility

A

Transport long chain fatty acids into the mitochondria – increasing motility

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19
Q

Fruit and veg and male fertility

A 
Increase anti-oxidants
Increase folate (less chance of sperm aneuploidy)
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20
Q

Cereal and fibre

A

Reduce plasma estrogenic levels which mess with homeostasis

21
Q

Seafood

A

Omega-3

22
Q

Poultry

A

Lower risks of sperm motility

23
Q

Low fat and skimmed milk effect on male fertility

A

Increases insulin

Increasing levels of insulin-like growth factors - increase sperm motility

24
Q

Nuts

A

Increase sperm motility, morphology, vitality
Increase omega-3 in blood serum

Eating walnuts for 12 weeks show significant difference

25
Q

Male fertility diet suggestions

A

Prudent

Mediterranean

26
Q

Vitamin D and female fertility

A

Vitamin D receptors along reproductive system
If no vitamin D it reduces fertility
However, if have enough then increasing past required does not impact

27
Q

Carbohydrates and female fertility

A

High load leads to more insulin.

Good if have PCOS but no impact in general population

28
Q

Whole grains and female fertility

A

Anti-inflammatory

Increase chance of live-birth

29
Q

Dietary fibre and female fertility

A

Reduce oestrogen levels

Does not impact fertility

30
Q

Omega 3 and female fertility

A

Lowers risk of endometriosis

Increases fertility

31
Q

Omega 6 and female fertility

A

If obese increases chance of fertility

32
Q

Dairy and female fertility

A

high galactose content has a negative impact on ovarian physiology. However, no significant impact on fertility outcome

But if high fat then decreases fertility

Dairy however for IVF seemed to have ap positive effect on live-birth

33
Q

Soy and female fertility

A

– theory that it effects fertility, however, soy doesn’t cause early menopause so probably actually not true

34
Q

Breakfast cereals with high folate

A

Bran flakes - 400μg per 100g - 120 μg (30g)
Special K – 334μg per 100g – 100.2 μg (30g)
Cornflakes - 166μg per 100g – 46.48 μg (28g)

35
Q

Folate and Bioavailability

A

Natural sources have to be converted polyglutamate to monoglutamate

Supplement is just mono so better bioavailability

36
Q

Folate function

A

cofactor for enzymes required for DNA and RNA synthesis and required in transfer of methyl groups in methylation cycle

37
Q

What reduces folate levels

A

Smoking
No vitamin supplement
Pregnancy
Oral contraception

38
Q

Neural Tube

A

Flat neural plate in a tube
Becomes brain and spinal cord
Closes by 7th week of pregnancy

Folate involved in closing process

39
Q

Spina Bifida

A

Incomplete spine formation

40
Q

Anencephaly

A

Effects baby brain growth

41
Q

Encephalocele

A

Incomplete closure of skull

42
Q

Folate consumption for pregnant women

A

400μg of folic acid per day for at least three months prior to conception and continuing until the 12th week of pregnancy

43
Q

Male overall recommendations for Fertility

A

Ideally, at least 2 - 3 months prior to intended time of conception

Consume balanced and varied diet
Moderate alcohol intake
Correct grossly abnormal weight to at least upper end of normal range 2-3 months before

44
Q

Female overall recommendations

A

Balance diet
Correct grossly abnormal weight well in advance of conception (4 months)
Stop smoking
Moderate alcohol intake
Commence folate supplementation at least 3 months prior to conception

45
Q

Psychological stress men’s fertility

A

Two stress in lifetime make significant impact

46
Q

Psychological stress female fertility

A

Working more than 32hrs week impact fertility

47
Q

Alcohol and Male fertility

A

Testicle atrophy and decrease libido

48
Q

Alcohol and female fertility

A

Have issues if drinking is extreme

49
Q

Air polution

A

Males - impact fertility

Female - More likely to have preterm delivery

NUT2005 (10 decks)

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