Infants

Question 1

Physiological changes of infant

Answer 1

Rapid growth and development following birth
High metabolic rate - 120-140bpm
Rapid breathing 20 breaths per minute
Need 420kj/kg (adult only 170)
High quantity of nutrients but small GI so needs to be dense
Baby needs liquid as cannot handle solids (hard to absorb)

Question 2

Under 3 month expected growth

Answer 2

200g per week

Question 3

3-6month growth

Answer 3

150g per week

Question 4

6-9 month growth

Answer 4

100g per week

Question 5

9-12 month growth

Answer 5

50-75g per week

Question 6

Physical changes 0-1yrs

Answer 6

Hand eye coordination
sitting
Crawling
Food to mouth movement
Teeth eruption

Question 7

Physical changes 1-2yrs

Answer 7

Walking
Chewing
Baby cup
Manipulate food

Question 8

Physical changes 2-3yrs

Answer 8

Running
Jumping
FIne motor skills
Cup and cutlery
Appetite slows
Fluent speech
Experimental behaviours (see what they can get away with)

Question 9

Physical changes 3-4yrs

Answer 9

hop
balance
self-feeding 
Picky eating 
develop preferences

Question 10

Complementary feeding

Answer 10

Introduction of solid foods
Gradual process
Still continue to breast feed
Have to start weaning as rapid growth can no longer be sustained by breast milk

Question 11

When start complementary feeding

Answer 11

Digestive system developed at 6 months
Anatomical changes in mouth
Oral-motor skills
Sitting position
Expel tongue
Co-ordinate eyes, hands and mouth
Can actually swallow
Move and interest towards food

Question 12

Foods at 6 months

Answer 12

Smooth puree foods

Soon move to food with thicker consistency with some lumps (some finger foods)

Question 13

Food at 9-12 months

Answer 13

Mashed
Chopped
Minced consistency
More finger foods

Question 14

Foods 12+ months

Answer 14

Mashed
Chopped family foods
Variety of finger foods

Question 15

Foods to avoid while complementary feeding

Answer 15

Salt (no more than 1g a day)
Sugar (develop sweet tooth and decay)
Honey (microbial risk so wait till 1yr)
Shark, Marlin and swordfish (mercury)
Raw eggs
Whole nuts (chocking hazard)

Question 16

Whole milk and infants

Answer 16

Not to be given as a drink till 1 yr

Can be included in food at 6 months

Question 17

Quantity and pace of weaning

Answer 17

Start with a few teaspoons once a day
Start when baby not hungry (give some milk first)
Slowly build up to 3 times a day
Allow plenty of tie for baby to form bolus and swallow
Encourage baby to feed themselves

Question 18

Early weaning

Answer 18

No effect on body weight, developing coeliac, low iron status

Believed has no impact on asthma or eczema, allergies or type 1

Issue is means benefits of breast milk is reduced

Question 19

Delayed weaning

Answer 19

Risk of iron deficiency
More difficult to accept lumpy foods
Fussy later in life

Question 20

Food Behaviours

Answer 20

Parent responsible - what, when and where
Child responsible - whether they eat or not

If repeat exposure of unliked food 10 times it changes

Do not need to encourage clean plate

Question 21

Vitamin Supplementation

Answer 21

Daily dose of a and c to all children under 5

Vitamin D - daily dose (continue after turn 1)

Question 22

Vegetarian and vegan weaning

Answer 22

Is possible but baby fibre high so reduced amount of energy absorbed

Vegan baby will need B12

Question 23

Baby led weaning

Answer 23

Baby encouraged to feed themselves with finger food

Rare in UK
Guidelines is that is is done simultaneously

Question 24

Advantages of Baby lead weaning

Answer 24

Lower risk of obesity
Better diet quality
Acceptance of wider range of foods
Development of motor skills

Question 25

Disadvantages of baby lead weaning

Answer 25

Chocking
Iron deficiency
Growth faltering
Limited amount of other nutrients (zinc)