Lactation

Question 1

How many children breastfed in western world

Answer 1

1 in 5 children in high income
1 in 3 in lower for first 6 months
1% breastfeed at 12 months

Question 2

Breastfeeding benefits

Answer 2

Could save 820,000 children
Reduce risk of breast cancer
Save 25.9 million dollars in uk increased breast feeding to 45%
Formula also impact environment due to packaging

Question 3

Breast Structure

Answer 3

Good flow of blood and lymph
Oestrogen in puberty cause breast grow
Progesterone during pregnancy completes transition and ready for feeding.

20 sacs - Laveoli squeeze forcing milk to the nipple
Montgomery tubercle adds lube to skin around nipple (has aroma to attract infant)

Question 4

Prolactin

Answer 4

Increases after birth
More frequent breastfeeding the more produced
Stimulates nipples

Question 5

Oxalating

Answer 5

Causes increase in blood circulation

Question 6

Feedback inhibitor of Lactation

Answer 6

Regulates milk production

Alerts laccolites to stop making milk is breasts are full

Question 7

Psychological effects of breast feeding

Answer 7

Hormones mentioned above increase calmness and make mother love a child
Oxytocin levels raise when spending time with family and friend

Question 8

Breast feeding method

Answer 8

Skin to Skin contact
Immediately or soon as possible after birth .
First feed has to be skin to skin even if formula because gives baby skin microbiome and calms babys

Mother needs to be close so can physically feed baby and so baby feels secure and love

Positioning and attachment - needs to be a good position to get most milk out

Question 9

Lactation nutritional requirement

Answer 9

Huge variety across Europe

Hard to work out how much as breast milk varies significantly - bioavailability vs what is actually in milk

Question 10

Stages of lactation and nutrition

Answer 10

Decided that one requirement for lactation as no scientific evidence to show that needs vary

Question 11

Adolescent lactating mothers

Answer 11

Child experience different physiological training (growth)

Unknown as to whether pregnancy stunts this as different evidence.

Suggests students need an increase requirement of zinc

Question 12

Vegetarian and vegan lactating mothers

Answer 12

Shown babies exclusively fed by these mothers are b12 deficient
May lead to intellect impairment

Question 13

Smoking effect on lactation

Answer 13

Well established that its bad

Reduces milk fat content

Question 14

Values of breastfeeding

Answer 14

Decreased risk of breast cancer 
Decreased risk of osteoporosis and hip fractures (post-menopausal period)
Protects against heart disease
Aids weight loss post pregnancy
Supports mother baby relationship
Delay ovulation (conserves iron and natural contraception)
Free
No prep

Question 15

Maternal requirements

Answer 15

Produce 750-850ml
1200 at peak
Nutrient content - poor maternal nutrition then quality of breast milk will remain at expense of mother
Close births take toll on a mother
Mother need to supplement Vit D

Question 16

Lactating food avoidance

Answer 16

drugs, caffeine and alcohol
Shark/swordfish due to high mercury
Highly spicy foods - alters breast milk

Question 17

Peanut allergy and lactating

Answer 17

Historically advised that if peanut allergy run in family than mother to consume while lactating

Now known it is not important either way

Question 18

Guidelines for lactating mothers

Answer 18

Eat regularly
Do not attempt to slim
Variety of foods
If think food may upset child then avoid for a few days
Need to take vitamin D but no other supplements
Drink plenty of fluids

Question 19

Factors effecting if mother breastfeeds

Answer 19

Primipara - incidence of breastfeeding higher amongst first time mothers
Past experience
Age - increases with age
Education level - if educated post 18 then more likely to breast feed

Question 20

When not to breast feed

Answer 20

Drug abuse
Tuberculosis
Some Prescription drugs
Severe physical problems
Adoption
Low birth weight
Illness or infant

Question 21

Mothers Milk Nutrient cotnent

Answer 21

Contains enough to sustain baby for first 6 months

Colostrum - High Na+/cl-, high protein and low fat

Foremilk - low fat and energy
Hindmilk - High fat and high energy

Question 22

Foremilk and hindmilk

Answer 22

Foremilk comes first and is of little nutritional value while hindmilk comes after

If mother stressed about breastfeeding baby would not get full amount

Question 23

Mature milk composition

Answer 23

55% fat
40% CHO
5% protein (40% caesin, 60% whey)
Vitamin D limited
Little Vit K (give baby dose at birth)
Low levels of Na

Question 24

Number of feeds a day

Answer 24

0-2 weeks - 7/8
2-8 weeks - 6/7
2-3 months - 5/6
3-5 months - 5
6 months - 4
7-9 months - 4
10-12 months - 3

Question 25

Formula Milk

Answer 25

Ready to feed liquid is sterile
Powder not

First milk - whey dominant
Second milk - unnecessary but casein dominant
follow on not necessary but high iron

Question 26

Milks to avoid with baby

Answer 26

Goat
sheep
soya
rice
oat
almond
dried
evaporated
condensed

Question 27

Fat in breast milk

Answer 27

Contain transfer factors to help development

Question 28

Vitamins and Minerals in formula milk

Answer 28

As sits on shelf for a while vitamins and mineral content deuterates so has more in than actually need to factor this in