Lactation Flashcards
How many children breastfed in western world
1 in 5 children in high income
1 in 3 in lower for first 6 months
1% breastfeed at 12 months
Breastfeeding benefits
Could save 820,000 children
Reduce risk of breast cancer
Save 25.9 million dollars in uk increased breast feeding to 45%
Formula also impact environment due to packaging
Breast Structure
Good flow of blood and lymph
Oestrogen in puberty cause breast grow
Progesterone during pregnancy completes transition and ready for feeding.
20 sacs - Laveoli squeeze forcing milk to the nipple
Montgomery tubercle adds lube to skin around nipple (has aroma to attract infant)
Prolactin
Increases after birth
More frequent breastfeeding the more produced
Stimulates nipples
Oxalating
Causes increase in blood circulation
Feedback inhibitor of Lactation
Regulates milk production
Alerts laccolites to stop making milk is breasts are full
Psychological effects of breast feeding
Hormones mentioned above increase calmness and make mother love a child
Oxytocin levels raise when spending time with family and friend
Breast feeding method
Skin to Skin contact
Immediately or soon as possible after birth .
First feed has to be skin to skin even if formula because gives baby skin microbiome and calms babys
Mother needs to be close so can physically feed baby and so baby feels secure and love
Positioning and attachment - needs to be a good position to get most milk out
Lactation nutritional requirement
Huge variety across Europe
Hard to work out how much as breast milk varies significantly - bioavailability vs what is actually in milk
Stages of lactation and nutrition
Decided that one requirement for lactation as no scientific evidence to show that needs vary
Adolescent lactating mothers
Child experience different physiological training (growth)
Unknown as to whether pregnancy stunts this as different evidence.
Suggests students need an increase requirement of zinc
Vegetarian and vegan lactating mothers
Shown babies exclusively fed by these mothers are b12 deficient
May lead to intellect impairment
Smoking effect on lactation
Well established that its bad
Reduces milk fat content
Values of breastfeeding
Decreased risk of breast cancer Decreased risk of osteoporosis and hip fractures (post-menopausal period) Protects against heart disease Aids weight loss post pregnancy Supports mother baby relationship Delay ovulation (conserves iron and natural contraception) Free No prep
Maternal requirements
Produce 750-850ml 1200 at peak Nutrient content - poor maternal nutrition then quality of breast milk will remain at expense of mother Close births take toll on a mother Mother need to supplement Vit D
Lactating food avoidance
drugs, caffeine and alcohol
Shark/swordfish due to high mercury
Highly spicy foods - alters breast milk
Peanut allergy and lactating
Historically advised that if peanut allergy run in family than mother to consume while lactating
Now known it is not important either way
Guidelines for lactating mothers
Eat regularly
Do not attempt to slim
Variety of foods
If think food may upset child then avoid for a few days
Need to take vitamin D but no other supplements
Drink plenty of fluids
Factors effecting if mother breastfeeds
Primipara - incidence of breastfeeding higher amongst first time mothers
Past experience
Age - increases with age
Education level - if educated post 18 then more likely to breast feed
When not to breast feed
Drug abuse Tuberculosis Some Prescription drugs Severe physical problems Adoption Low birth weight Illness or infant
Mothers Milk Nutrient cotnent
Contains enough to sustain baby for first 6 months
Colostrum - High Na+/cl-, high protein and low fat
Foremilk - low fat and energy
Hindmilk - High fat and high energy
Foremilk and hindmilk
Foremilk comes first and is of little nutritional value while hindmilk comes after
If mother stressed about breastfeeding baby would not get full amount
Mature milk composition
55% fat 40% CHO 5% protein (40% caesin, 60% whey) Vitamin D limited Little Vit K (give baby dose at birth) Low levels of Na
Number of feeds a day
0-2 weeks - 7/8 2-8 weeks - 6/7 2-3 months - 5/6 3-5 months - 5 6 months - 4 7-9 months - 4 10-12 months - 3
Formula Milk
Ready to feed liquid is sterile
Powder not
First milk - whey dominant
Second milk - unnecessary but casein dominant
follow on not necessary but high iron
Milks to avoid with baby
Goat sheep soya rice oat almond dried evaporated condensed
Fat in breast milk
Contain transfer factors to help development
Vitamins and Minerals in formula milk
As sits on shelf for a while vitamins and mineral content deuterates so has more in than actually need to factor this in
