Pre-speech Vocalizations, Theories of Developing Speech Sounds (Ch. 4)

Question 1

Consonant-vowel (CV or VC) syllables that resemble speech syllables in that they are characterized by rapid formant transitions and full vowels

Answer 1

Canonical babble

Question 2

Popping sound created as negative air pressure is equalized

Answer 2

Click

Question 3

Sound produced with closure along the articulatory tract, resulting in a sound that resembles a consonant

Answer 3

Closant

Question 4

Reflexive expression of distress with a characteristic respiratory pattern; more intense and loud than fuss or whimper

Answer 4

Cry

Question 5

Direction of airflow from the lungs outward, during exhalation

Answer 5

Egressive

Question 6

A vowel with a perceptual quality of a postured articulatory configuration, with deliberate positioning of the mouth and tongue in a speech-like way, yielding a vowel quality distinct from that corresponding to a an at rest position of the tract.

Answer 6

Full Vowel

Question 7

Reflexive expression of distress, but less intense and loud than crying

Answer 7

Fuss

Question 8

Phonation interrupted by at least one glottal stop, producing the perception of distinct syllables.

Answer 8

Glottal stop sequence

Question 9

Sounds formed by primitive tongue closure somewhere in the back of the oral cavity, usually occurring during phonation and often accompanied by either quasivowels or full vowels.

Answer 9

Goo

Question 10

T/F: Gooing is a special case of canonical babbling.

Answer 10

False. Gooing is a special case of particularly primitive marginal babbling.

Question 11

Babbled productions that resemble conversational speech in terms of intonational and durational aspects but do not include meaningful words.

Answer 11

Gibberish

Question 12

Another word for gibberish

Answer 12

jargon

Question 13

Vocalization with either low fundamental frequency (often with glottal fry) or with fundamental frequency in the speaker’s habitual range accompanied by substantial vocal harshness.

Answer 13

Growl

Question 14

Direction of airflow inward into the lungs, during inhalation

Answer 14

Ingressive

Question 15

A reflexive expression of positivity, which, like cry, has a characteristic respiratory pattern but with distinct contours

Answer 15

Laugh (-:

Question 16

Resembles canonical babble except that it does not include rapid formant transitions from consonant-like element to full vowel.

Answer 16

Marginal babble

Question 17

Any of the pre-speech vocalizations

Answer 17

Protophone

Question 18

T/F: Cries and laughs are protophones.

Answer 18

False. Cries and laughs are fixed signals and not considered protophones.

Question 19

Vowel sound produced with normal phonation and a neutral (unpostured) vocal tract configuration.

Answer 19

Quasivowel

Question 20

Quasivowels are typically _______________ and _________________.

Answer 20

quiet; short

Question 21

Trills or vibrants formed most often with the lips or the tongue and lips, and occasionally by the tongue body against the toothless alveolar ridge

Answer 21

Raspberry

Question 22

Type of canonical babbling where syllables are perceived to be repeated although they are not required to be phonetically identical.

Answer 22

Reduplicated babble

Question 23

Vocalization produced at a high pitch level, above the habitual range of the vocalizer

Answer 23

Squeal

Question 24

Type of canonical babbling where successive syllables ore perceived to differ substantially from each other.

Answer 24

Variegated babble

Question 25

[mami]

What type of babble?

Answer 25

Variegated babble

Question 26

[dada}

What type of babble?

Answer 26

Reduplicated babble

Question 27

Vowel-like sound produced by infants (includes quasivowels and full vowels)

Answer 27

Vocant

Question 28

Unintentional sounds resulting from non-speech behaviors

Answer 28

Vegetative Sounds

Question 29

Examples of vegetative sounds (4)

Answer 29

Sneeze
Cough
Hiccup
Grunt

Question 30

Speech or pre-speech utterance that is produced without full voicing

Answer 30

Whisper

Question 31

Vocalizations produced at high amplitude, above the habitual amplitude range of the vocalizer

Answer 31

Yell

Question 32

The ______________ ___________________ held that early vocalizations were unrelated to speech.

Answer 32

Discontinuity Theory

Question 33

What characteristics of prespeech vocalizations show us that they are related to speech?

Answer 33

Protophones are contrastive

Babbling is volitional

Question 34

In general, how are protophones different from vegetative sounds and fixed signals?

Answer 34

Protophones are volitional, while vegetative/fixed signals are produced reflexively.

Question 35

What differentiates canonical babbling from marginal babbling?

Answer 35

The transitions between the consonant-like and vowel-like portions of the canonical babble are fast and immediate. In marginal babbling, the transition is gradual.

Question 36

T/F: a late onset of canonical babbling (after ten months of age) is grounds for clinical concern.

Answer 36

True. These infants are at risk for late onset of talking.

Question 37

Crying and vegetative sounds are present at what age?

Answer 37

Right after birth

Question 38

Laughter shows an onset around what age?

Answer 38

4 months

Question 39

The earliest protophones (quasivowels and occasional glottal stop sequences) occur at what age?

Answer 39

Right after birth

Question 40

Gooing occurs at what age?

Answer 40

4 months

Question 41

Full vowels, raspberries, squeals, growls, yells and whispers emerge at what age?

Answer 41

3 months

Question 42

Canonical stage begins around what age?

Answer 42

6 months

Question 43

Reasons to believe that protophones are precursors to speech

Answer 43

Only humans produce them
All normally developing infants produce them before speaking
They occur in developmental sequence
Disruption of protophone development is associated with developmental disorders

Question 44

Linguist who asserted that infant babble was unrelated to the development of speech sounds

Answer 44

Jakobson

“Discontinuity Theory”

Question 45

T/F: Vegetative sounds are protophones.

Answer 45

False. They are reflexive vocalizations.