Dyslexia and SSD (Ch. 16)

Question 1

A language where individual sounds can be represented by more than one sound has a ___________ ___________________.

Answer 1

deep orthography

Question 2

Another word for deep orthography

Answer 2

opaque orthography

Question 3

T/F: English has a shallow orthography.

Answer 3

False. English has a deep orthography.

Question 4

T/F: Spanish has a transparent orthography.

Answer 4

True. Letters and sounds in Spanish have a predictable, one-to-one relationship.

Question 5

A well-specified mental representation of speech sounds

Answer 5

Phonological Awareness

Question 6

T/F Phonetic Awareness and Phonological Awareness are synonymous.

Answer 6

True.

Question 7

Research shows that individuals with dyslexia have deficits in ________________ processing skills.

Answer 7

Phonological

Question 8

T/F: Dyslexia is often associated with variations in cognitive ability.

Answer 8

False. It is thought to have neurobiological origin and does not correlate to IQ.

Question 9

Earlier studies revealed brain ________________ in individuals with Dyslexia.

Answer 9

Asymmetry

Question 10

Brain activation region thought to support effortful phonological and articulatory decoding

Answer 10

Inferior Frontal Gyrus (includes Broca’s area)

Question 11

Dyslexia is a specific disability that ___________ with the acquisition of _____________ language at the word level, characterized by deficits in accurate and/or fluent word _____________, decoding and spelling.

Answer 11

Interferes
written
recognition
(defined by the International Dyslexia Association)

Question 12

Reading involves what two different processes?

Answer 12

1. Decoding words by applying orthographic rules

2. Recognizing irregularly spelled sight words

Question 13

Dyslexia impairment with decoding but not sight words

Answer 13

Phonological Dyslexia

Question 14

Dyslexia impairment with sight words but not decoding

Answer 14

Surface Dyslexia

Question 15

Dyslexia impairment with both decoding and sight words

Answer 15

Alexia or Deep Dyslexia

Question 16

The co-occurrence of two or more disorders (causally related) in the same individual.

Answer 16

Comorbidity

Question 17

What is one reason for the difficulty in estimating SSD/Dyslexia comorbidity rates in children?

Answer 17

SSD is frequently diagnosed and treated in a preschooler but dyslexia cannot be diagnosed and treated until well after literacy and reading instruction begin.

Question 18

Why does learning to read and spell in English present more challenges than in other languages such as Spanish?

Answer 18

English has a deep orthography, many irregularly spelled words and silent letters.

Question 19

What are the core elements of the dyslexia definition issued by the International Dyslexia Association?

Answer 19

Difficulties with written language 
Restricted to word level 
Involves processes of decoding, sight words, spelling 
Affects accuracy and fluency 
No cognitive impairment

Question 20

Deficits and Characteristics of dyslexia (4)

Answer 20

Auditory Processing Deficits
Phonemic Awareness Deficits
Structural/Functional Brain Differences
Genetic Etiology

Question 21

Why are so many more boys than girls thought to have dyslexia?

Answer 21

High male:female ratio may be an artifact of other behavioral differences between boys and girls, such as attention and activity levels.

Question 22

What type of preschool child with SSD is most likely to later present with dyslexia?

Answer 22

A child who shows:

1. Speech difficulties persisting into the school years
2. Impaired phonological processing skills
3. Evidence of language impairment

Question 23

A child who is being treated for SSD and is also struggling with reading or spelling may have what underlying deficit?

Answer 23

Phonological Processing Deficit