Describing, Analyzing and Testing Children's Speech Sound Abilities (Ch. 2) Flashcards
How well speech conforms to expectations for age and sex and the potential to experience social, educational, or vocational problems because of speech.
Acceptability
Spectral-temporal characteristics of the speech signal that lead to the recognition of articulatory features of sounds, word and utterance boundaries, utterance type (e.g., statement, question, exclamation), speaker identity, etc.
Acoustic Cues
A sound without regularity in the waveform, heard as “noise.”
Aperiodic sound
The process by which actions of the vocal tract structures create the distinctive acoustic energy patterns of the sequences of consonants and vowels in the speech signal.
Articulation
A clinical procedure to determine which speech sounds are produced correctly and incorrectly and what type of error has been made when a sound is judged to be incorrect.
Articulation testing
Anatomical structures (e.g., lips, tongue) utilized to generate speech sounds.
Articulators
Adjustments of two or more articulators are made simultaneously for two or more speech sounds (reflect the properties of at least two phonemes.)
Co-articulation
A sound that has several component frequencies
Complex sound
A subtle or incomplete contrast between phoneme targets produced by a child that indicates the child has not fully neutralized the phonemic contrast
Covert Contrast
A task in which rapid repetitive or alternating movements are used to examine the accuracy, range, speech and coordination of the articulators.
Diadochokinetic tasks
A vowel whose quality changes within the course of a single syllables.
Dipthong
A resonance of the vocal tract
Formant
A change in the frequency of a format associated with a change in vocal tract configuration such as the transition between a stop consonant and vowel
Formant Transition
The lowest frequency or first harmonic of the voice; the number of vocal fold vibratory cycles per second
Fundamental Frequency
Whole number multiples of the fundamental frequency
Harmonics
Analyses that do not involve a comparison of the child’s speech to the target (standard) pronunciation. Examples include inventories of consonants, vowels, or syllable/word shapes
Independent Analyses
How well a child’s speech can be understood by listeners
Intelligibility
A set of alphabetic characters that was devised by the International Phonetic Association as a standardized way to represent the sounds (phonemes) of any spoken language
International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)
A speech-like task used to evaluate the integrity of the speech motor system. Examples include diadochokinetic rate and maximum phoneme duration
Maximum performance task
A task requiring prolonged production of a voiced continuant sound in one breath
Maximum phonation duration task
A vowel whose quality does not change throughout the syllable.
Monothong
Consonants that involve a complete or narrow constriction of airflow in the oral cavity. Examples include plosives, fricatives, and affricates
Obstruents
When the peaks of a waveform that are too high in amplitude for the recording equipment are cut off, resulting in a recording that does not accurately represent the speech signal of the talker.
Peak Clipping
A sound where there is a regular pattern of component frequencies
Periodic Sound
Storage and retrieval of information about the speech sounds and their serial order in words.
Phonemic memory
Patterns of errors in children’s speech that affect syllable structures or sound classes.
Phonological Processes
The sound system of a language
Phonology
The permissible combinations and sequences of sounds in a given language
Phonotactics
Vocalizations produced by infants prior to the onset of words
Prespeech Vocalizations
Examples of prespeech vocalizations (3)
squeals
grunts
quasivowels
Analyses that involve a comparison of the child’s speech to the target (standard) pronunciation
Relational Analysis
Discrete units of speech, such as consonants and vowels
Segmental
Sounds that have voice as the sole sound source.
Sonorants
Categories of Sonorants (4)
Vowels, liquids, nasals, glides
A two-part process describing speech production.
Source-filter theory
The two parts of the Source-filter theory
Speech sound source
Sound source shapers
A graphic representation of the frequency, amplitude and intensity of a selected portion f a a waveform over time
Spectrogram
A plot that displays the intensity characteristics (Y axis) by the frequency characteristics (X axis) of a selected portion of a waveform
Spectrum (Spectra-pl.)
A branch of physics that studies the physical properties of speech in terms of the frequency, intensity and duration of sound
Speech acoustics
Characteristics of speech that extend beyond individual segmental (or speech sound) components.
Suprasegmentals
Examples of suprasegmentals
Stress (lexical or phrasal)
Intonation
The structure of consonants (C) and vowels (V) that make up syllables
Syllable Shapes
The glottis and anatomical structures of the airway used in the production of speech
Vocal Tract
A measure of the time between the release of an articulatory closure and the onset of voicing for the following sound
Voice Onset Time (VOT)
A graphic representation of the speech signal showing amplitude over time
Waveform
The structure of consonants, vowels and syllables that make up words
Word Shapes
Word shape for the word “football”
CVC.CVC
Word shape for the word “bread”
CCVC
What is the purpose of speech-like tasks?
They are used to measure the integrity of the speech motor system and can be used to identify impairments.
Examples of speech-like tasks (3)
Maximum phonation duration
Diadochokinetic task
Nonword Repetition
Ways to ensure good speech sample recordings (3)
Use external microphone
Monitor recording level
Record in quiet location
What type of analysis does an articulation test provide?
Relational analysis (compares child’s production to the target form)
What type of analysis do speech sound inventory and word shape inventory provide?
Independent analysis (does not compare child’s production to presumed adult target)
Phoneme
a class of phonetically similar sounds found in the phonological system of a particular language; it is the smallest non-meaningful perceptible unit of oral language that changes word meaning.
A variation in pronunciation of a phoneme that does not change word meaning
Allophone
Phonetics
Study of speech sounds
Phonemics
Study of speech sounds within a language
Typical f0 (3)
500 Hz at birth
200 Hz women
150 Hz young men
What type of speech sample is thought to be the most representative of a child’s typical speech?
Spontaneous speech sample
Incorrect Production forms (4)
substitutions
additions
distortions
omissions
PCC PCC-R PVC PVC-R PPC PPC-R
% of Consonants Correct % of Consonants Correct-revised % of Vowels Correct % of Vowels Correct-revised % of Phonemes Correct % of Phonemes Correct-revised
How is the revised measure of PCC, etc. different?
The revised measure counts distortions as correct productions.
the GFTA- 2 is an example of what type of test?
Articulation Test
Goldman-Fristoe 2
