Phonological Processes Flashcards by Sheri Robertson

An unstressed syllable is deleted

Weak syllable deletion

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An entire syllable or part of a syllable is repeated

Reduplication

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A word (or syllable) final consonant is deleted

Final Consonant Deletion

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A word initial consonant is deleted

Initial Consonant Deletion

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A sequence of two or more consonants is simplified, usually by deletion of the more “marked” element

Cluster Reduction

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Three types of cluster reduction

/s/ cluster reduction
nasal cluster reduction
liquid cluster reduction

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Features from two adjacent sounds or syllables combine

Coalescence

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A segment is inserted, often between tow elements of a cluster

Epenthesis

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Two sounds are reversed

Metathesis

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One sound is influenced by another and becomes more similar (or identical) to it.

Assimilation Processes

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Assimilation processes may be ____________ or ______________.

regressive; progressive

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Three types of assimilation

Velar Assimilation
Labial Assimilation
Nasal Assimilation

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Sounds are replaced by others produced further forward in the mouth

Fronting Processes

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Types of fronting processing (2)

Depalitalization (Palatal Fronting)

Velar Fronting

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Sounds are replaced by others produced further back in the mouth

Backing Processes

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Types of backing processes

Palatalization
Velarization
Alveolarization

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Fricatives or affricates are replaced by stops

Stopping

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Fricatives are replaced by affricates

Affrication

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Fricatives are replaced by glides

Gliding

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Affricates are replaced by fricatives

Deaffrication

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Nonsyllabic liquids are replaced by glides or vowels

Liquid Simplification

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Syllabic liquids or nasals are replaced by vowels

Vocalization

Nasals are replaced by homorganic oral stops

Denasalization

Voiceless obstruents are voiced, usually preceeding a vowel or in word-initial position

Voicing

Obstruents are devoiced, ususally in final position

Devoicing

Fricatives are produced with lateral emission or are replaced by a lateral fricative

Lateralization

Consonant sounds are replaced by glottal stops, usually in intervocalic or final position.

Glottal Replacement

Several adult sounds are replaced by one sound (or 2 similar sounds) in one or more positions; e.g., all word initial fricatives are replaced by /f/ or all initial continuant sounds are replaced by /j/

Neutralization

Vowels are raised, lowered, dipthongized, reduced to schwa or neutralized to one particular vowel sound

Vowel Changes

Phonological Processes that may persist past 5 years of age

Stopping | Gliding

“bake” /beɪk/ produced as [beɪb]

Assimilation (labial)

“candy” /kændi/ produced as [næni]

Assimilation (manner)

“take” /teɪk/ produced as [teɪt]

Assimilation (alveolar)

“goat” /ɡoʊt/ produced as [koʊt]

Assimilation (voicing)

“penny” /pɛni/ is produced at [bɛni]

Voicing (context sensitive, prevocalic)

“tag” /tæɡ/ produced as /tæk/

Devoicing (postvocalic)

“basket” /bæskɪt/ produced [bæbæ] | “pudding” /pʊdɪŋ/ produced as [pʊpʊ]

Reduplication

“fit” /fɪt/ is produced as [tʃɪt] | “shoe” /ʃu/ produced as [tʃu]

Affrication

“do” /du/ is produced as [ɡu]

Backing

“chip” /tʃɪp/ is produced as [ʃɪp] | “pitch” /pɪtʃ/ is produced as [pɪt]

Deaffrication (can also be called stopping when a stop is substituted)

“nose” /noʊz/ is produced as [doʊz]

Denasalization

“fish” /fɪʃ/ is produced as [fɪs] “match” /mætʃ/ is produced as [mæts] “shoe” /ʃu/ is produced as [su]

Palatal Fronting or Depalatization

“car” /kɑɹ/ is produced as [tɑɹ]

Velar Fronting

“rabbit” /ɹæbɪt/ is produced as [wæbɪt] | “look” /lʊk/ is produced as [wʊk] or [jʊk]

Gliding | Also called liquid simplification or liquid deviation

“hat” /hæt/ is produced as [hæʔ]

Glottal Replacement

“sun” /sʌn/ is produced as [tʌn] | “juice” /ʤus/ is produced as [dus]

Stopping | when the target is an affricate, this can be referred to as deaffrication

“door” /dɔɹ/ is produced as [dɔʊ]

Vowelization or Vocalization

“dog” /dɑɡ/ is produced at [dʊɡ]

Vowel Error

“blue” /blu/ is produced as [bəlu]

Epenthesis

“plane” /pleɪn/ is produced as [peɪn] or [leɪn]

Cluster Reduction

“bus” /bʌs/ is produced as [bʌ]

Final Consonant Deletion

“basket” /bæskət/ is produced as [bæksət]

Metathesis

“stick” /stɪk/ is produced as [tɪks]

Migration

“giraf” /dʒɪɹæf/ is produced as [ræf]

Syllable Deletion