Phonological Processes Flashcards
An unstressed syllable is deleted
Weak syllable deletion
An entire syllable or part of a syllable is repeated
Reduplication
A word (or syllable) final consonant is deleted
Final Consonant Deletion
A word initial consonant is deleted
Initial Consonant Deletion
A sequence of two or more consonants is simplified, usually by deletion of the more “marked” element
Cluster Reduction
Three types of cluster reduction
/s/ cluster reduction
nasal cluster reduction
liquid cluster reduction
Features from two adjacent sounds or syllables combine
Coalescence
A segment is inserted, often between tow elements of a cluster
Epenthesis
Two sounds are reversed
Metathesis
One sound is influenced by another and becomes more similar (or identical) to it.
Assimilation Processes
Assimilation processes may be ____________ or ______________.
regressive; progressive
Three types of assimilation
Velar Assimilation
Labial Assimilation
Nasal Assimilation
Sounds are replaced by others produced further forward in the mouth
Fronting Processes
Types of fronting processing (2)
Depalitalization (Palatal Fronting)
Velar Fronting
Sounds are replaced by others produced further back in the mouth
Backing Processes
Types of backing processes
Palatalization
Velarization
Alveolarization
Fricatives or affricates are replaced by stops
Stopping
Fricatives are replaced by affricates
Affrication
Fricatives are replaced by glides
Gliding
Affricates are replaced by fricatives
Deaffrication
Nonsyllabic liquids are replaced by glides or vowels
Liquid Simplification
Syllabic liquids or nasals are replaced by vowels
Vocalization
Nasals are replaced by homorganic oral stops
Denasalization
Voiceless obstruents are voiced, usually preceeding a vowel or in word-initial position
Voicing
Obstruents are devoiced, ususally in final position
Devoicing
Fricatives are produced with lateral emission or are replaced by a lateral fricative
Lateralization
Consonant sounds are replaced by glottal stops, usually in intervocalic or final position.
Glottal Replacement
Several adult sounds are replaced by one sound (or 2 similar sounds) in one or more positions; e.g., all word initial fricatives are replaced by /f/ or all initial continuant sounds are replaced by /j/
Neutralization
Vowels are raised, lowered, dipthongized, reduced to schwa or neutralized to one particular vowel sound
Vowel Changes
Phonological Processes that may persist past 5 years of age
Stopping
Gliding
“bake” /beɪk/ produced as [beɪb]
Assimilation (labial)
“candy” /kændi/ produced as [næni]
Assimilation (manner)
“take” /teɪk/ produced as [teɪt]
Assimilation (alveolar)
“goat” /ɡoʊt/ produced as [koʊt]
Assimilation (voicing)
“penny” /pɛni/ is produced at [bɛni]
Voicing (context sensitive, prevocalic)
“tag” /tæɡ/ produced as /tæk/
Devoicing (postvocalic)
“basket” /bæskɪt/ produced [bæbæ]
“pudding” /pʊdɪŋ/ produced as [pʊpʊ]
Reduplication
“fit” /fɪt/ is produced as [tʃɪt]
“shoe” /ʃu/ produced as [tʃu]
Affrication
“do” /du/ is produced as [ɡu]
Backing
“chip” /tʃɪp/ is produced as [ʃɪp]
“pitch” /pɪtʃ/ is produced as [pɪt]
Deaffrication (can also be called stopping when a stop is substituted)
“nose” /noʊz/ is produced as [doʊz]
Denasalization
“fish” /fɪʃ/ is produced as [fɪs]
“match” /mætʃ/ is produced as [mæts]
“shoe” /ʃu/ is produced as [su]
Palatal Fronting or Depalatization
“car” /kɑɹ/ is produced as [tɑɹ]
Velar Fronting
“rabbit” /ɹæbɪt/ is produced as [wæbɪt]
“look” /lʊk/ is produced as [wʊk] or [jʊk]
Gliding
Also called liquid simplification or liquid deviation
“hat” /hæt/ is produced as [hæʔ]
Glottal Replacement
“sun” /sʌn/ is produced as [tʌn]
“juice” /ʤus/ is produced as [dus]
Stopping
when the target is an affricate, this can be referred to as deaffrication
“door” /dɔɹ/ is produced as [dɔʊ]
Vowelization or Vocalization
“dog” /dɑɡ/ is produced at [dʊɡ]
Vowel Error
“blue” /blu/ is produced as [bəlu]
Epenthesis
“plane” /pleɪn/ is produced as [peɪn] or [leɪn]
Cluster Reduction
“bus” /bʌs/ is produced as [bʌ]
Final Consonant Deletion
“basket” /bæskət/ is produced as [bæksət]
Metathesis
“stick” /stɪk/ is produced as [tɪks]
Migration
“giraf” /dʒɪɹæf/ is produced as [ræf]
Syllable Deletion
