Pre Solo Knowledge Test Flashcards
Right of way rules
Right Of Way (ROW) Rules (BGAAR) 91.113
Balloons
Gliders
Airships
Airplanes
Rotorcraft
- Aircraft that are towing or refueling have row over all engine driven planes
- Emergency aircraft have ROW over everyone
Converging- aircraft on right has ROW
Head-On- both aircraft turn right
Overtaking- faster aircraft has ROW and passes on the right
Traffic Patterns
Pattern: 1000 AGL at 90kts
- AUO- Visibility must allow 2300ft ceiling and 3SM
- Non- AUO- Visibility must allow 2300ft ceiling and 5SM
Minimum safe altitudes
VFR Cruise Altitude- above 3000 MSL (91.159)
- 0-179 = odd thousand +500
- 180-359 = even thousand +500
Congested, non-congested
Obstacle Clearance- OROCA- off-route obstruction clearance altitude
- Provides obstruction clearance with 1000ft buffer (2000 in mountainous areas) and
within 4 NM of course
- Aircraft must maintain an altitude of at least 1000ft above the highest obstacle within
2000ft horizontal of a congested area (91.119)
- Aircraft must maintain an altitude of at least 500ft AGL over non-congested areas except
for over open water or in sparsely populated areas where aircraft must be at least 500ft
from any persons, vehicles, vessels, or property (91.119)
V Speeds ALL:
V Speeds (KIAS)
Vne- never exceed 163
Vno- max structural cruise 129
- Yellow arc
- Typically only used when winds are calm/smooth air
Va- max operating maneuvering speed 2550 lbs = 105, 2200 lbs = 98, 1900 lbs = 90
- Speed at which plane would stall before structural damage would occur
- When you are heavier the plane requires a higher AOA to stay level, because of the high
AOA you stall more easily which means you can travel faster safer than a low weight
could
- At a lower weight, traveling above Va is easier and the plane can reach its limit load
factor before stalling because it has a lower AOA to start with and its pitch angle would
have to increase a lot more (adding Gs) to reach critical AOA
Vfe- max flaps extended, 10 degrees = 110, 20/30 degrees = 85
- White arc- flaps down range 40-110 Vg- glide speed- 2550 lbs no flaps = 68
- 9:1 Ratio- Every 1000ft you descend cover 9000ft horizontally (ground track) Vy- best rate of climb 74
- Gets you to altitude the fastest over time Vx- best angle of climb 62
- Achieves max possible altitude in shortest horizontal distance Vso- stall speed in landing configuration (full flaps/shits out) 40
Vs- stall speed/minimum speed plane is controllable = 48
Vr- rotation speed = 55
Auburn Solo Limitations
Fuel:
- Local Flight- at least 35 Gallons
- Cross-Country- 56 Gallons
- Fuel Type: 100LL (blue) or 100 (green)
Seatbelts: MUST BE WORN AT ALL TIMES Oil Quantity- Legal: 5-8 quartz (Auburn 7qts)
Solo Student Pilot Limitations:
- Max Cross wind solo- 7kts
- No passengers
- No takeoff from runway intersection
- No touch and go operations
- No LAHSO
Alcohol- Have I had anything to drink?
- 8 hours bottle to throttle
-Less than 0.04% BAC
- No lasting effects of alcohol (hangover)
Pattern: 1000 AGL at 90kts
- AUO- Visibility must allow 2300ft ceiling and 3SM
- Non- AUO- Visibility must allow 2300ft ceiling and 5SM
Required Documents
Required Docs For Every Flight:
- Pilot certificate
- Medical certificate
- Photo ID
Endorsement (in Logbook)
ARROW (required Docs)
Airworthiness certificate
*(No expiration if Kept Airworthy)
-Inside the Plane (AU, Pilot Side Door)
Registration (7 years) (On Tail)
Radio License (international) (No Expiration) (In Plane)
Operating limitations/ P.O.H: AFM, markings, placards (In Plane, Specific to Tail #)
Weight and balance (In Plane, Specific to Tail #)
Spin Recover Procedure
Spin Recovery (PARE)
Power Idle- power will result in flatter spin attitude and increase rate of rotation Ailerons Neutral- wings maintain same AOA mitigation yaw/roll
- Opposite aileron can result in spin in other direction
Rudder Opposite- counteracts yaw
Elevator Forward- keeps you below critical AOA which will unstall the wings
- Once rotation stops bring the elevator back and add power to recover from dive
Engine Failure Checklist
Engine failure in flight checklist:
1. Airspeed- 68kts
2. Flaps Up
3. Select Landing Site
4. Fuel Selector Valve- both
5. Fuel shutoff valve- In
6. Mixture- full forward
7. Auxiliary Fuel Pump- on
8. Ignition Switch- both then start
ATOMATOFLAMES: 91.205
Required Equipment: 91.205 VFR Day: ATOMATOFLAMES
Altimeter
Tachometer
Oil Pressure Gauge
*Manifold Pressure gauge (if applicable)
ASI- airspeed indicator
*Temperature gauge- for liquid cooled engines only
Oil temperature gauge- for air cooled engines
Fuel Quantity Gauges
*Landing Gear Indication light- for hire
Anti-collision light (beacon)
Magnetic compass (2x magnetometer)
ELT- emergency locator transmitter
Safety belts
FLAPS (Required for Night Flight)
FLAPS:
Fuses/Circuit Breakers
Landing Lights
Anti Collision Lights
Position Lights
Source of Power
Flight Controls
Primary: alierons, elevator, and rudder
Secondary
flaps, trim, spoilers
Flaps: Fowler Type Characteristics
Single Slotted Flaps:
they move out ward and down, optimizing lift with the most reduction in drag (due to the gap, delays airflow seperation, creates another ”leading edge”) increases camber of wing
Landing Gear
Shock absorption: The landing gear is a tricycle type with a steerable nose wheel and two main wheels.
We have hydraulically actuated disk breaks, and a shimmy dampener to absorb shock and prevent oscillation.
Taxing/Ground Control
5 knts at FBO, 10 Kts on Taxiway
Ground Control - turning: 27 ft turning radius
Steerable nose wheel and dynamic braking
Wind in Front: turn into it
Wind behind: dive away
Differential braking for a tighter turn
Engine: Cycle, and Heating and cooling/leaning
4 Strokes: Intake, Compression, Combustion, Exhaust
Leaning – relationship with mixture and temperature
Leaning (fuel air mixture) lessens the amount of fuel in the mixture, allowing more air into the cylinders “cooling off the engine, and operating with the most fuel efficient way.
Cooling: Air cooled, Baffling and Fins to direct airflow around engine.
Engine heat takes ram air and funnels it through the muffler shroud *exhaust cracking
Engine: What Kind?
Type/Horsepower: Lycoming IO-360-L2A
I: fuel injected
O: Air cooled/Oxygen
360 cubic inches diameter
L2A: starter, alternator, dual mags, vacuum pump, oil filter
180HP, 2700RPM
Flight Instruments
ASI, VSI(how fast aircraft is climbing or descending) , Heading Indicator, Turn Coordinator, Slip and Skid Indicator, Attitude Indicator
What Instruments use a Vacuum?
Pump(s)
engine driven vacuum pump
Instrument(s):
Attitude Indicator (CESSNA 172S AU)*to the instrument then to engine driven Vacuum Pump
Heading Indicator
Turn Coordinator
Pitot Static System
pitot tube: measures differences in dynamic and static pressure in ram air
Airspeed Indicator (Both)
Vertical Speed Indicator (Static Port)
Altimeter (Static Port)
Effetcs of Block Pitot Static System
Effects from blocked ports:
Blocked Pitot Tube with clear drain hole: ASI goes to Zero
Blocked Pitot Tube and Drain Hole: ASI Unreliable, In accurate Reading on Climbs and descents
Blocked Static Ports: ALL (INSTRUMENTS AFFECTED)
VSI = 0
Altimeter= frozen
ASI= false readings
Fuel Types and Capacity
Grades: 100LL (blue), 100 (green)
Capacity: 56 gallons, 3 unuseable
Sumps: five on each wing, 3 on bottom from fuel reservoir, fuel filter and fuel selector valve
Low Fuel Annunciator
Low fuel annunciator:
The Fuel Quantity is measured by two fuel sensors; one in each fuel tank. (Is displayed on the EIS page).
-when indicator shows an empty 1.5 gallons of unusable fuel remain in the tank.
Sensor Limit 24 gallons (can add more, sensor will not pick it up)
Sensors will indicate a low fuel condition: (is less than 5 gallons and remains this low for 60 secs) LOW FUEL L and LOW FUEL R will be displayed in Amber on the PFD and Tone will Sound
When the fuel indicator reaches the calibrated useable empty fuel level, the LOW FUEL L and LOW FUEL R will steadily change from White to Amber and remain Amber and the Indicators will Flash Red
A VISUAL CHECK OF EACH FUEL TANK LEVEL MUST BE PERFORMED BEFORE FLIGHT!!!
Eletrical System
The airplane is equipped with a 28 volt (DC) electrical system.
The airplane is equipped with a 28 volt (DC) electrical system.
A 24 voltage main storage battery is located inside the engine cowling on the left firewall.
BOTH ARE CONTROLLED VIA THE MASTER
Electircal Bus one and two (powered by master), as well as a crossfeed and essential bus
Essential Bus
Essential Bus:
Primary Flight Display, Air Data Computer, Nav 1, COMM1, Standby Indicator Lights, Standby Batt AHRS, Engine Airframe Unit
Low Voltage Annunciator
Low Voltage
24 (Below 24.5, Low VOLTS WARNing )
Normal
28 (normal)
30 (slightly high)
High Voltage
32 (High Volt Warning)
Whose Responsibilty is it to maintain Airwortiness?
Responsibility: Owner and Operator is responsible for maintaining airworthiness, Pilot must ensure the aircraft is airworthy before takeoff.
MEL
MELs: Minimum Equipment List: (What can be inoperative while allowing for safe flight) specific to serial number and registration number.
INOP CHECKLIST: 91.213
- MEL (Minimum Equipment List)- don’t have - Lists things not required for legal flight
- KOEL (Kinds of Operation Equipment List)- POH 2-13
- FAA Required Equipment (91.205)
- ADs- some have equipment requirements
- Type Certificate- if you replace a part it may have separate requirements
If item is not required: - Label inop
- Render inop- remove, pull circuit breaker, ziptie etc.
- If more than 1 lb must recertify BEW
- You can find weight of item in POH 6-19 - Make final decision- Am I comfortable flying without inop piece of equipment?
Airworthiness Directive
Similar to a recall for a vehicle, is a legal requirement from the FAA that requires actions to be taken to fix an unsafe condition in an aircraft engine, propeller or appliance.
info in an A.D.; compliance time, description of actions required and information on alternate methods of compliance.*
ELT- Replacement TimeLine
12 months Inspection, Battery replacement within 50% of the Battery’s useful life, or the ELT has be used continuously for 1hr
Required inspections and times
Airworthiness Annuals (12mths)
Airworthiness Directives
VOR (30days)
100hr (tach time)
ALtimeter/ Pitot Tube(24 cal months)
Transponder (24 cal months)
ELT (12 cal months, 50% battery life, or after 1 hr of continuous use)
100 Hour
Overflying 100 Hour, when 100 Hour required
can over fly by 10hrs to get it to a manufacterer,
100 hrs of Tach time, For Hire aircraft
3 for airframe, prop, and engine
Minimum altitudes for maneuvers:
Stalls no less than 1500 AGL
Emergency Descent recovery no less than 1500AGL and the descent no less than 1,000ft
61.89 (a) (1-4),
A student Pilot may not:
Act as PIC for:
1. an aircfrat carrying a passenger
2. Carrying property for compensation or hire
3. for compensation or hire
4. in furtherance of a buisness
91.103
PreFlight Actions
NWKRAFT
Notams
Weather
Known ATC Delays
Runways Lengths and Conditions
Alternate Runways
Fuel Requirements +30 Day +45 Night *2 for Auburn
Take off and Landing Distances
91.3
The PIC has the final Authority and responsiblity for the safe operation of that aircraft
91.17
no person may act as a pic or crewmember of an aircraft if under the influence of drugs (not allowed ones) or alcohol.
within 8hrs of consumption (12hrs Aub)
0.04 blood alcohol level and no effects of alcohol in the system (no hangover)
91.121
Altimeter setting procedures: must be reported off of weather reporting system or within 75feet of feild elevation
91.155
Air Spance Weather Minimums
A: IFR
B: 3m C.o.C
C: 3m 5A1B2H
D: 3m 5A1B2H
E: +10 5m 1A1B1smH
-10 3sm 5A1B2H
G: +10 5m 1A1B1SmH
-10 D: 1 C.o.C (1,200 ft 1sm 512)
N: 3m 5A1B2H
91.207
ELT Requirements/ Inspections
Replace batteries after 1 hr cumulative use and/or whent they have hit 50% of thier usefulelife
91.213
Inop Checklist
MEL
KOEL
ADS
TCDS
INOP: Render INOP Remove (over 1lb redo BEW) As Self
ADS
91.409
AIrworthiness Directives
Annual Inspection (12 mths)
VOR (30days)
100 hrs (tach time)
Altimeter/Pitot Static (24 mths)
Transponder (24mths)
ELT (12 mths (50% Batt remaining, 1hr continous usage)
