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Y4 - Finals Edition > Pre-placement > Flashcards

Pre-placement Flashcards

1
Q

Image of seeing one self in an external space is known as

A

Autoscopic hallucination

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2
Q

This is where patient experiences complex visual hallucinations associated with no other psychiatric symptoms and no impairment of consciousness. Associated with loss of vision

A

CHARLES BONNET SYNDROME

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3
Q

Liliputian hallucination

A

miniature people or animals.

associated with acute alcohol withdrawal.

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4
Q

Explain differences between simple and complex hallucinations

A

Simple = unstructured sounds (buzzing, whirring, whistling)

Complex = occurs as spoken phrases

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5
Q

Somatic hallucinations: Superficial

A

1. tactile
–> being toughed or pricked
–> formication (sensation of insects crawling on or below skin associated w/ cocaine use)

2. thermal
–> false perception of heat or cold

3. hygric
–> false perception of fluid

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6
Q

Somatic hallucinations: Visceral

A

False perceptions of the internal organs (throbbing, stretching)

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7
Q

Somatic hallucinations: Kinaesthetic hallucinations

A

false perceptions of joint or muscle

Limbs vibtrating

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8
Q

What condition is important to rule out in the onset of olfactory and gustatory hallucinations :

A

temporal lobe epilepsy

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9
Q

Hypnagogic hallucinations

A

brief hallucinations that take place as you’re falling asleep

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10
Q

Hypnopomic halluncations

A

false perceptions that occur as a person awakens

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11
Q

Extracampine hallucinations

A

e.g. seeing somebody standing behind you

occurs outside the limits of a person’s normal sensory field

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12
Q

Functional hallucinations

A

normal sensory stimulus required to precipitate hallucination in the same sensory modality

  • voices heard when doorbell rings
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13
Q

Reflex hallucinations

A

normal sensory stimulus in one modality which stimulates a hallucination in another

–> voices heard when a light is switched on

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14
Q

Pseudohallucinations

A

patients may have insight to what they are hallucinating

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15
Q

Primary (autochthonous) delusion

A

don’t occur in response to any previous psychopathological state

may be preceded by delusional atmosphere

example
–> suddenly without apparent cause having the delusional that you are an alien

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16
Q

Secondary delusion

A
  • secondary to morbid event

-

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17
Q

these delusions match the patients mood, they are commonly seen in mania with psychotic features and in psychotic depression

A

mood congruent delusions

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18
Q

these delusions are extremely implausible content, and are characteristic of schizophrenia

A

bizarre delusions

e.g. belief that aliens have planted radioactive detonators in the patients brain

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19
Q

partial delusion

A

belief that was previously held with delusional intensity, but then becomes held with less conviction

occurs when a patient is recovering

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20
Q

paranoid delusions

A

umbrella term that includes grandiose, persecutory

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21
Q

erotomanic

A

delusion of love

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22
Q

othello syndrome

A

delusion of jealousy

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23
Q

Capragas syndrome, Fregoli syndrome

A

delusion of misidentification

Capragas syndrome
–> characterised by false belief that someone important to them has been replaced by a clone

Fregoli syndrome
–> different people who are in fact a single person who changes appearance

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24
Q

delusion of infestation

A

Ekbom syndrome
–> delusion that you are infested with parasites

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25
Q

Cotard syndrome

A

nihilistic delusion
–> patient believes they are dead, do not exist

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26
Q

delusion of control

A

false belief that external forces such as machines or other people are controlling ones thoughts

27
Q

overinclusion of details and unnecessary asides and diversions

A

circumstantial thinking

28
Q

diverting from initial train of thought and never returning to original point

A

tangential thinking

29
Q

markedly accelerated thinking, resulting in stream of connected concepts

A

flight of ideas

30
Q

loosening of associations

A

train of thought shifts suddenly from one very loosely related idea to the next.

worst form –> word salad

AKA –> KNIGHTS MOVE THINKING

31
Q

new words created by the patient, often combining syllables if other known words

A

neologisms

32
Q

echolalia

A

patients seamlessly repeats words or phrases spoken around others

33
Q

Motor symptoms: catatonic rigidity

A

maintaining fixed position and rigidly resisting all attempts to be moved

34
Q

Motor symptoms: catatonic posturing

A

adopting unusual or bizarre position that is then maintained for some time

35
Q

Motor symptoms: catatonic negativism

A

seemingly motiveless resistance to all instructions or attempts to be moved.

Patient may do opposite of what is asked

36
Q

Catatonic waxy flexbility

A

patient can be moulded like wax into a position that is then maintained

37
Q

catatonic excitement

A

agitated, excited and seemingly purposeless motor activity

38
Q

catatonic stupor

A
  • lack of voluntary movement
  • extreme unresponsiveness
39
Q

Echopraxia

A

patient senselessly repeats or imitated the actions of those around them

40
Q

Mannerisms

A

goal orientated movements

performed repeatedly

or at socially inappropriate times

41
Q

Stereotypes

A

complex, identically repeated movements

42
Q

Tics

A

sudden, involuntary rapid recurrent, non-rhythmic motor movements or vocalisations

43
Q

Performance status score for cancer

A

ECOG performance status

0 –> fully active, able to carry out pre-disease tasks

1 –> restricted in physically strenuous activity

2 –> ambulatory and capable of self care but unable to carry out any work activities

3 –> capable of limited self care, confined to bed or chair more than 50% of waking hours

4–> completely disabled, cannot carry on self care

44
Q

Myelodysplastic syndromes are characterised by

A

–> pre-leukaemia

–> pancytopenia

–> dysplastic morphology

45
Q

What drug might be given for high risk myelodysplastic syndromes?

A

AZACITIDINE
- restores expression of silenced tumour suppressor genes

46
Q

Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia treatments

A
  1. Chemotherapy
  2. CD20 antibody –> rituximab
  3. B-cell receptor signalling inhibitors –> ibrutinib or acalbrutinib
  4. Bcl-2 inhibitor
    - venetoclax
47
Q

Lymphoma imaging done with that imaging modality

A

FDG PET
–> detect metabolically active malignancy lesions

48
Q

Lymphoma treatment

A
  1. chemotherapy
  2. CD2- antibodies
  3. radiotherapy
  4. stem cell transplant
  5. antibody drug conjugate
  6. immune checkpoint inhibitors
  7. chimeric antigen receptor T cells
49
Q

Examples of chemotherapy which may be used in treatment of myeloma

A
  • cyclophoshamide

melphalan

50
Q

Treatment of myeloma

A
  • chemotherapy
  • steroids
  • lenalidomide
  • proteasome inhibitor
  • bisphosphonate
  • anti-cd38 monoclonal antibody (daratumumab)
  • autologus stem cell transplant
51
Q

Hyperkalaemia > 5.5

A

repolarisation abnormalities

–> peaked T waves

52
Q

Hyperkalaemia > 6.5

A

progressive paralysis of the atria

–> P wave flattening
–> PR prolongation

53
Q

Hyperkalaemia > 7

A

conduction abnormalities / cardiac arrest

–> wide QRS
–> AV conduction blocks
–> sine wave
–> asystole, VF, PEA

54
Q

Indications for dialysis

A

Very serious CAN’T WAIT
–> refractory hyperkalaemia
–> refractory pulmonary oedema

Others
–> severe metabolic acidosis (pH < 7.2)

  • Symptomatic uraemia (e.g. pericarditis, encephalopathy)
55
Q

Haemodialysis

A

Diffusion of uraemic solutes across a semi permeable membrane

56
Q

Haemofiltration

A

Convection of water with soluble drag across memrbane and replacement with fluid balanced solution

57
Q

Peritoneal dialysis

A

fluid exchange between peritoneal capillary blood and dialysis solution in the peritoneal cavity

58
Q

What features may be seen in a thyroid exam?

A

Legs
- pre-tibial myxedema (non pitting oedema)
- ankle reflexes; brisk in hyperthyroidism

59
Q

What is Pemberton’s test?

A
  • raising both arms produces facial congestion and cyanosis
  • due to mass in superior mediastinum
  • produces obstruction of superior vena cava
60
Q

In a split thickness skin graft, how long does it take donor site to heal?

A

will heal within 7-14 days

61
Q

Examples of a regional flap

A

Gastroscnemius flap

Regional / pedicled flap
–> used when there is insufficient volume of adjacent tissue to close wound

62
Q

What is a DIEP flap?

A

performed by taking lower abdominal tissue on its blood supply, plumbing it into the internal mammary vein

will require later nipple reconstruction

63
Q
A

Y4 - Finals Edition (40 decks)

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