Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Y4 - Finals Edition > Lectures : O&G > Flashcards

Lectures : O&G Flashcards

1
Q

When does the anomaly scan take place:

A

20 WEEKS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Consequences of diaphragmatic hernia

A
  • lung hypoplasia
  • altered pulmonary vascular development
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Infections that could affect pregnancy

A
  • Toxoplasmosis
  • Other: Syphilis, parvovirus b19, varicella zoster, listeria
  • Rubella
  • Cytomegalovirus
  • Herpes simplex 2
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Describe screening for trisomy 21

A

Quad test–> 14+0 to 20+0 weeks
Serum biomarkers (AFP, hCG, oestriol, inhibin A)

Combined test –>10+0 to 13+6 weeks
- Nuchal thickness
- Serum biomarkers (hCG, PAPP-A)

NIPT –> From 9 weeks
- Small fragments of foetal cells within maternal blood.
- not NHS

99% sensitivity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

State two other diagnostic tests done in pregnancy :

A

Chorionic villous sampling: up to 15 weeks
–> placental villous fragments

Amniocentesis: 16 weeks onwards
–> foetal skin cells in amniotic fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Key investigation for endometrial cancer

A
  1. US endometrial thickness and biopsy for diagnosis
  2. MRI pelvis and/or CT chest, abdomen and pelvis staging
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Vaccination protects against which subtypes of HPV

A

16 and 18

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Treatment options for cervical cancer

A
  1. Local excision (loop or knife cone)
  2. Radical trachelectomy / hysterectomy with pelvic node dissection
  3. Radical chemoradiotherapy
  4. Palliative chemo and or radiotherapy

NOTES
- trachelectomy involves removal of cervix and upper part of vagina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Risk factors for vulval cancer

A
  1. Vulval dermatosis
    a. Lichen sclerosis (white appearance, resorption of labia minora, figure of 8 pattern, atrophic) autoimmune.
    b. Lichen planus (Affect inside of vagina)
  2. HPV
    • Types 16, 32, 18
    • Relatively normal looking vulva
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Chlamydia symptoms male vs female

A

Male
- urethral discharge (clear, watery or sticky)
- dysuria
- ureteral discomfort
- testicular pain

Female
- change in vaginal discharge
- dysuria
- lower abdominal pain
- intermenstrual bleeding
- dyspareunia

EXTRA-GENITAL
- rectal discharge
- conjunctivitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Important complications of Chlamydia:

A
  1. Pelvic inflammatory disease
  2. Epididymo-orchitis
  3. Sexually acquired reactive arthritis (SARA)
  4. Peri-hepatitis (Fitz-hugh-curtis syndrome)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Mainstay for diagnosis of Chlamydia:

A

Nucleic acid amplification swab (NAAT)
- note: chlamydia difficult to culture - may see evidence of pus cells

Male –> first pass urine
Female –> vulvo-vaginal NAAT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Management of Chlamydia?

A

1st Line 🡪 DOXYCYCLINE 100mg BD for 7 days

2nd line 🡪 AZITHROMYCIN 1g stat followed by 500mg OD for 2 days. (first line in pregnancy & breast feeding)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

For asymptomatic males and females, how far back do you need to do partner notification?

A

All partners in last 6 months
- or last month if male patient has symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the 3 serovars of chlamydia trachomatis?

A

Serovar/serotype

group of microorganisms or viruses based on their cell surface antigens

  1. A-C: trachoma (blindness)
  2. D-K: chlamydia in genital tract
  3. L1-L3: LGV (lymphogranuloma venereum)
    • more common in men vs men sex
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Stages of LGV infection

A
  1. Classical
    a. PRIMARY —> small painless papule which ulcerated
    b. SECONDARY —> gross lymphadenopathy, buboes, necrose to form abscesses
    c. TERTIARY —> scaring, fibrosis, rectal strictures and fistulae
  2. Primary Rectal LGV
    a. direct transmission to rectal mucosa
    b. haemorrhagic prostatitis
    c. often mistaken for IBD
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Management of LGV infection

A
  • DOXYCYCLINE 100mg BD for 3 weeks
    • test of cure !
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What type of organism is Neisseria Gonorrhoea:

A

GRAM NEGATIVE INTRACELLULAR DIPLOCOCCI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How do you diagnose Gonorrhoea?

A
  1. Microscopy
  2. NAAT –> culture everyone and all contacts and sites of sex
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Complications of Gonorrhoea:

A
  • PID
  • Epididymo-orchitis
  • SARA
  • disseminated gonococcal infection
21
Q

Treatment regime for Gonorrhoea:

A

1st Line = ceftriaxone 1g IM stat

  • or Ciprofloxacin 500mg if sensitive

2nd Line

  • Gentamicin 240mg IM stat + 2g Azithromycin
  • Cefixime 400mg PO + 2g Azithromycin
  • Azithromycin 2g PO alone

TEST OF CURE –> after 2 weeks

22
Q

Name of the smallest known self-replicating bacteria

A
  • mycoplasma genitalium
    • non-specific urethritis
23
Q

Management of mycoplasma genitalium infection:

A

UNCOMPLICATED

  1. Doxycycline 100mg BD for 7 days
    • followed by Azithromycin 1g stat then 500mg OD for 2 days

COMPLICATED (if PID, EO, or failure of 1st line)

  1. Moxifloxacin 400mg OD for 14 days
  2. test of cure at 5 weeks
24
Q

Syphilis caused by what bacteria:

A

Treponema Pallidum
- more common among men vs men sex

25
Q

What is condylomata lata?

A

fleshy wart like lesions

will go away with penicillin treatment

associated with secondary syphilis

26
Q

Common sites of infection of tertiary syphilis:

A
  • ascending aorta
    • dilatation? aortic regurgitation?
27
Q

3 types of neurosyphilis

A

Tabes Dorsalis (15-25 years)

Slow degeneration of nerves carrying sensory information to the brain.

  • lightening pain
  • sensory ataxia
  • argylle-robertson pupil

General Paresis (10-25 years)

  • progressive severe dementia with seizures

Meningo-vascular (2-7 years)

  • commonly affects younger patients
  • MCA most commonly affected arteritis
  • ischaemic stroke
28
Q

What is an argyll robertson pupil?

A
  • AR pupils do not constrict when exposed to light
  • will constrict when focusing on a near object
29
Q

If a chancre is present how might you investigate syphilis?

A

dark ground microscopy

30
Q

Management of Syphilis summarised

A

Primary, secondary and early latent
–> 2.4MU benzathine penicillin IM stat

Late latent
–> 2.4MU benzathine penicillin IM stat weekly for 3 weeks

Neurosyphilis
–> 1.8-2.4 MU procaine penicillin IM OD for 14 days

31
Q

Incubation period of Herpes Simplex virus

A

Acquisition (skin to skin contact)

Incubation (2-20 days)

1/3rd clinical symptoms (last 5-10 days)

2/3rds asymptomatic or symptoms not recognised

LATENT in sensory ganglia

Then either
–> recurrent infection
–> asymptomatic shedding

32
Q

Initial episodes of HSV can be primary or non-primary, what does this mean:

A
  1. Primary: no antibodies to either HSV1 or HSV 2
  2. Non-primary: prior antibodies to HSV1 or HSV 2
33
Q

Symptoms of herpes

A
  • painful ulceration
  • dysuria
  • vaginal or urethral discharge
  • prodrome (flu like illness before) and systemic symptoms
  • asymptomatic or minor symptoms (itch)
34
Q

Important extra-genital manifestations of Herpes

A
  1. Meningitis
  2. Encephalitis
  3. Herpetic eye disease: dendritic ulcers
  4. Skin lesions: dermatitis herpetiformis
35
Q

Diagnosis of herpes

A
  • viral PCR of skin lesions
    • open ulcer
    • pop vesicles to get serous fluid
  • serology
    • ask for type specific IgG
36
Q

Management of herpes

A
  • avoid sex
  • Pharmacological
    • start within 5-7 days
    • ACICLOVIR 400mg TDS for 5-10 days
37
Q

After how many episodes may recurrent episodes be treated with suppressive treatment?

A

more than 6 episodes a year

38
Q

If a mother has herpes at what point in the pregnancy is HSV suppression advised?

A
  • from 36 weeks
    • to reduce risk of neonatal herpes
39
Q

Example of low risk HPV strains which cause benign warts

A

6 and 11

40
Q

Management of genital warts (low risk HPV)

A
  • Cryotherapy
  • Topical agent (Imiquimod, Podophyllotoxin)
    • Imiquimod can be given in BCC
  • Electro-cautery
  • Surgery
  • nothing? 30% will disappear with no treatment
41
Q

What is the main protein in the blood responsible for drug binding?

A

albumin

42
Q

By how much roughly is cardiac output increased by in pregnancy?

A

30-50%

43
Q

Which CYP enzyme is responsible for metabolism of over 50% of all drugs and is affected during pregnancy

A

CYP3A4

  • enzymes are affected in pregnancy

Other important enzyme = CYP2D6

44
Q

What classification is used for abnormal uterine bleeding:

A

FIGO classification of abnormal uterine bleeding

PALM COEIN
- polyps
- adenomyosis
- leiomyoma
- malignancy and hyperplasia

  • coagulopathy
  • ovulatory dysfunction
  • endometrial
  • iatrogenic
  • not yet classified
45
Q

Name a cancer drug which may lead to abnormal uterine bleeding:

A

TAMOXIFEN (selective oestrogen regulator)

  • treats certain types of breast cancer
  • however stimulates uterine lining proliferation —> HMB
46
Q

Surgical management of heavy menstrual bleeding

A
  1. Endometrial ablation
  2. Uterine artery embolisation
47
Q

Medical management of heavy menstrual bleeding

A
  1. IUS
  2. COCP
  3. POP

Tranexamic acid
Mefenamic acid

48
Q

What features are associated with disseminated gonococcal disease:

A
  1. Tenosynovitis
  2. Migratory polyarthritis
  3. Dermatitis

Y4 - Finals Edition (40 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions