Pre-Natal Flashcards
Evolutionary psychology
universal patterns of behavior and cognitive process evolving over time
Theory of natural selection
survival and reproduction of organisms better suited for their environment over those poorly suited
Genotype
genetic blueprint
Phenotype
observable characteristics
homozygous
two copies of the same allele
heterozygous
combination of alleles
prenatal screening
finding problems among a large population with affordable and noninvasive methods
-ultrasounds, blood tests,blood pressure readings
prenatal diagnosis
pursing additional detailed information once a particular problem has been found.(can be invasive)
can find: neural tube defects, anatomical defects, chromosomal abnormalities, gene mutations
Epigenetics
psychological development as the result of ongoing,bi directional interchange between heredity and the environment
Monozygotic
twin occurs when a single zygote or fertilized egg slits apart in the first two weeks of development
-two separate identical offspring
- 60 to 70% of monozygotic twins share the same placenta but separate amniotic sacs
Dizygotic
fraternal twins
Conjoined twins
monozygotic twins whose bodies are joined during pregnancy
Vanishing twins
1 in 8 pregnancies start out as multiples but only a single fetus is brought to full term
Germinal Period
week 1-2
conception to implantation
fertilized egg forms a zygote as a one-cell structure
genetic makeup and sex of the baby are set
the zygote divides and multiplies through process of mitosis then implants into the uterine lining
Embryonic period
week 3-8
neural tube develops
forms foundations of all body organs and systems
many organs and systems being to function
Fetal Stage
week 9-40
growth from 1/4 ounce and 1 inch to 7 pounds and 20 inches in length
refinement of all organ systems
neuronal proliferation
viable at week 24; full term at week 37
Teratogens
factors that can contribute to birth defects
- maternal diseases, drugs, alcohol, stress, environmental and occupational exposures
Alcohol defects
consuming during the second month
fetal alcohol spectrum disorders(FASD
Tobacco defects(5)
low birth rate, placenta previa, preterm delivery, fetal growth restriction, sudden infant death syndrome
Drugs
Illicit drugs can cause low birth weight, withdrawal symptoms, birth defects, learning and behavioral problems
-inhalants, accutane/vitamin a, streptomycin, penicillin, tetracycline, diet pills
- prescription, otc drugs, marijuana methamphetamine, heroin, cocaine, tabacco, alcohol
maternal diseases
increases the chance that the baby will be born with a birth defect or have a chronic health problem
-cancer, toxoplasmosis, chicken pox, parvovirus, hepatitis b, chlamydia, tuberculosis
maternal stress
because of a link in blood supply between mother and fetus, stress can leave lasting effects on a developing fetus
Child Birth methods(8 )
- Morgan method or hypnobirthing
2.lamaze method - bradley method
4.nurse midwives
5.home births
6.birthing centers
7.water birth
8.hospital birth
Morgan Method or HypnoBirting
Dick-Read Method
emphasizes relaxation and proper breathing with contractions as well as family support and education
The Lamaze Method
woman in control of delivery through muscle relaxation, breathing through contractions, having a focal point during contractions
The Bradley Method
deliver naturally with few or no drugs emphasizing excellent nutrition and exercise, relaxation techniques for pain, partner as coach
Nurse Midwives
for women who are at low risk for birth complications at home, in a birthing centers, or hospital
Home Births
common for women who have had previous pregnancies, are 25+, and white
Birthing Centers
home-like environment than a hospital labor ward with more options during labor and decor to emphasize the normality of birth
Water birth
help alleviates discomfort and pressure for the mother and can include laboring and or giving birth in a warm tub of water
Hospital birth
most common
includes either natural pain relief methods or medications and medical interventions that relieve pain
Why are Cesarean deliveries performed?
(5)
fetal distress
breech presentation
birth size
poor progress during labor
mother’s health and age concerns
Low Birth Weight
under 5.5 pounds
unable to regulate their body temperature
risk for cerebral palsy
Pre-term
mostly born before week 38
Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale
assesses the baby’s motor development, muscle tone, stress response
APGAR
conducted 1 to 5 minuted after birth and measures the heart rate, respiration, muscle tone, reflex response
any score 5 or under being. cause for concern
Hypoxia & Apoxia
H: lack of adequate amount of oxygen
A: complete lack of oxygen
- can lead to brain damage
- can e caused by umbilical cord problems, birth canal problems, blocked airways, and placenta abruption
