Mod 5: Early Childhood

Question 1

Myelination Synapses

Answer 1

Allows electrical impulses to transmit quickly and effectively along nerve cells.Allows an exam to communicate with its myelin sheath

Question 2

Pruning

Answer 2

The brain removing unnecessary synapses and strengthens appropriate ones, increasing the neural processes becoming quicker and more complex

Question 3

Synaptogenesis

Answer 3

forming connections between neurons in the nervous system

Question 4

Irreversibility

Answer 4

(promising something then not fulfilling it)
The young child’s difficultly mentally reversing a sequence of events

Question 5

Theory of Mind

Answer 5

develops by age 4
the understanding that the mind holds people’s beliefs, desires, emotions, and intentions. Understanding people think differently and have different preferences

Question 6

Autism

Answer 6

resistant deficits in social communication and interaction across multiple contexts as well as restrictive behaviors and interests

Question 7

Signs of Autism in toddlers (5)

Answer 7

• no babbling by 12 m
  -no gesturing by 12 m
• no single words by 16m
• no two word phrases by 24m
• loss of any language or social skills at any age

Question 8

Preoperational stage

Answer 8

age 2-7
children learning to use language and think about the world symbolically helping to develop the foundations needed for the next stage

Question 9

Egocentrism

Answer 9

tendency to think that everyone sees things in the same way as the child

Question 10

animism

Answer 10

the belief that inanimate objects have lifelike qualities

Question 11

artificial is

Answer 11

the belief that environmental characteristics can be attributed to human actions or interventions

Question 12

Transduction reasoning

Answer 12

when a child fails to understand the true cause and effect relationships

Question 13

syncretism

Answer 13

the tendency to think that two events occurring simultaneously had a causal relationship

Question 14

Centration

Answer 14

the act of focusing all attention on one characteristic or dimension of a situation and disregarding others
pieces of cake vs size of pieces

Question 15

Conservation

Answer 15

the awareness that altering a substance’s appearance does not change its basic properties
sandwhich cut in half

Question 16

zone of proximal development

Answer 16

the range of material that a child is ready to learn if proper support and guidance are given

Question 17

scaffolding

Answer 17

a process in which the guide provides needed assistance to the child as an new skill is learned

Question 18

self concept

Answer 18

the idea of who we are what we are capable of doing and how we think and feel

Question 19

looking glass self (cooley)

Answer 19

looking at how others seem to view us and interpreting this as we make judgments about ourselves

Question 20

self control

Answer 20

response inhibition and delayed gratification

Question 21

introjection

Answer 21

the process of learning right from wrong and occurs as children incorporate values from others into their value set

Question 22

initiatives guilt

Answer 22

desire to take initiate or think of ideas and initiate action

Question 23

Baumrind three parenting styles + extra one

Answer 23

Authoritarian
Permissive
Authoritative
Uninvolved parenting

Question 24

Authoritarian parenting

Answer 24

a traditional model in which parents make rules and children are expected to be obedient, resulting in children fearing rather than respecting their parents

Question 25

Permissive parenting

Answer 25

being a friend to a child rather than an authority figure, resulting in children who may fail to learn self-discipline and may feel insecure because they do not know their limits

Question 26

Authoritative parenting

Answer 26

being appropriating strict, reasonable, and affectionate and allowing negotiation when appropriate

Question 27

Uninvolved parenting

Answer 27

parents who are disengaged from their children, making no demands and being non-responsive

Question 28

martyr

Answer 28

a parent who will do anything for the child and may later be used to gain compliance from the child

Question 29

Pal

Answer 29

the permissive parent who wanted to be the child’s friend and sets few limitations

Question 30

police officer/drill sergeant

Answer 30

primary focus on obedience and may find it difficult to let the children learn and grow

Question 31

teacher-counselor

Answer 31

parent who pays a lot of attention to expert advice on parenting and seeks to rear a perfect child

Question 32

athletic coach style of parenting

Answer 32

helps the child understand what needs to happen in certain situations and provides guidance

Question 33

positive reinforcement

Answer 33

something is added to increase the behavior likelihood

Question 34

positive punishment

Answer 34

something is added to decrease the likelihood of a behavior

Question 35

negative reinforcement

Answer 35

something is removed to increase the likelihood of behavior

Question 36

negative punishment

Answer 36

something is removed to decrease the likelihood of behavior (timeout)

Question 37

toxic stress

Answer 37

refers to chronic, excessive stress that exceeds a child’s ability to cope, especially without supportive caregiving

Question 38

adverse childhood experiences(7)

Answer 38

childhood trauma that might include neglect, abandonment, sexual abuse, physical abuse, parent of sibling treated violently, separation or incarceration of parents, having a parent with a mental illness

Question 39

Food insecurity

Answer 39

a family has limited or uncertain availability of safe, nutrious food