Mod 5: Early Childhood Flashcards
Myelination Synapses
Allows electrical impulses to transmit quickly and effectively along nerve cells.Allows an exam to communicate with its myelin sheath
Pruning
The brain removing unnecessary synapses and strengthens appropriate ones, increasing the neural processes becoming quicker and more complex
Synaptogenesis
forming connections between neurons in the nervous system
Irreversibility
(promising something then not fulfilling it)
The young child’s difficultly mentally reversing a sequence of events
Theory of Mind
develops by age 4
the understanding that the mind holds people’s beliefs, desires, emotions, and intentions. Understanding people think differently and have different preferences
Autism
resistant deficits in social communication and interaction across multiple contexts as well as restrictive behaviors and interests
Signs of Autism in toddlers (5)
- no babbling by 12 m
-no gesturing by 12 m - no single words by 16m
- no two word phrases by 24m
- loss of any language or social skills at any age
Preoperational stage
age 2-7
children learning to use language and think about the world symbolically helping to develop the foundations needed for the next stage
Egocentrism
tendency to think that everyone sees things in the same way as the child
animism
the belief that inanimate objects have lifelike qualities
artificial is
the belief that environmental characteristics can be attributed to human actions or interventions
Transduction reasoning
when a child fails to understand the true cause and effect relationships
syncretism
the tendency to think that two events occurring simultaneously had a causal relationship
Centration
the act of focusing all attention on one characteristic or dimension of a situation and disregarding others
pieces of cake vs size of pieces
Conservation
the awareness that altering a substance’s appearance does not change its basic properties
sandwhich cut in half
zone of proximal development
the range of material that a child is ready to learn if proper support and guidance are given
scaffolding
a process in which the guide provides needed assistance to the child as an new skill is learned
self concept
the idea of who we are what we are capable of doing and how we think and feel
looking glass self (cooley)
looking at how others seem to view us and interpreting this as we make judgments about ourselves
self control
response inhibition and delayed gratification
introjection
the process of learning right from wrong and occurs as children incorporate values from others into their value set
initiatives guilt
desire to take initiate or think of ideas and initiate action
Baumrind three parenting styles + extra one
Authoritarian
Permissive
Authoritative
Uninvolved parenting
Authoritarian parenting
a traditional model in which parents make rules and children are expected to be obedient, resulting in children fearing rather than respecting their parents
Permissive parenting
being a friend to a child rather than an authority figure, resulting in children who may fail to learn self-discipline and may feel insecure because they do not know their limits
Authoritative parenting
being appropriating strict, reasonable, and affectionate and allowing negotiation when appropriate
Uninvolved parenting
parents who are disengaged from their children, making no demands and being non-responsive
martyr
a parent who will do anything for the child and may later be used to gain compliance from the child
Pal
the permissive parent who wanted to be the child’s friend and sets few limitations
police officer/drill sergeant
primary focus on obedience and may find it difficult to let the children learn and grow
teacher-counselor
parent who pays a lot of attention to expert advice on parenting and seeks to rear a perfect child
athletic coach style of parenting
helps the child understand what needs to happen in certain situations and provides guidance
positive reinforcement
something is added to increase the behavior likelihood
positive punishment
something is added to decrease the likelihood of a behavior
negative reinforcement
something is removed to increase the likelihood of behavior
negative punishment
something is removed to decrease the likelihood of behavior
(timeout)
toxic stress
refers to chronic, excessive stress that exceeds a child’s ability to cope, especially without supportive caregiving
adverse childhood experiences(7)
childhood trauma that might include neglect, abandonment,
sexual abuse,
physical abuse,
parent of sibling treated violently,
separation or incarceration of parents,
having a parent with a mental illness
Food insecurity
a family has limited or uncertain availability of safe, nutrious food
