Middle Childhood- Mod 6

Question 1

Psychoanalytic perspective: Freud

Answer 1

Gain control over bodily functions and renegotiate parent relationships
- anal stage
- phallic stage

Question 2

Psychoanalytic perspective: Erikson

Answer 2

Agree with freud concerning added focus on social-skill development
- autonomy versus shame and doubt
- initiative versus guilt

Question 3

Person Perception

Answer 3

increasing ability to classify others

Question 4

To what degree do children understand intentions?

Answer 4

• punishment is for intentional acts
• actors’ intentions matter
• choices are bound by consequences.

Question 5

What really is racism in a preschool classroom?

Answer 5

early judgements reflect ego thinking and cognitive immaturity(not actual racism)

Question 6

Personality

Answer 6

A combination of temperament at birth and knowledge about temperament-related acquired during childhood
- social rewards encourage impulse control and behavior is modified

Question 7

Three components of Self-Concept

Answer 7

1. Categorical Self
2. Social Self
3. Emotional Self

Question 8

The Emotional Self(6)

Answer 8

• relationship temperament
• aspects of empathy
• apprehending emotional state of others
• matching that state to self
• cultural differences
• moral emotions

Question 9

Stages in Development of Empathy(4)

Answer 9

1. Global empathy
2. Egocentric empathy
3. Empathy for another’s feelings
4. Empathy for another’s life condition

Question 10

Stage 1: Global empathy

Answer 10

0-1
infant might match someone else’s strong emotion

Question 11

Stage 2: Egocentric empathy

Answer 11

12-18 months
responding to another’s distress with distress of their own, but they might attempt to cure the other’s distress by offering what they themselves would find most comforting

Question 12

Stage 3: Empathy for another’s feelings

Answer 12

2/3 throughout elementary school
note other’s feelings
partially match those feelings
may attempt to help in non egocentric ways

Question 13

Stage 4: Empathy for another’s life condition

Answer 13

late childhood or adolescence
generalized notion of others feelings
if they know its chronic or severe they’ll feel more distressed

Question 14

Gender Schema Theory

Answer 14

development of gender schema underlies gender development and occurs with recognition of gender differences

Question 15

Sex-Type Behavior

Answer 15

Develops earlier than ideas about gender
learned from older same-sex children
learned differently by gender

Question 16

Secure & Insecurly attached children

Answer 16

secure- exhibit fewer behavior problems
insecurly- display more anger and aggression at daycare+preschool

Question 17

Spanking Consequences: Short Term

Answer 17

undesirable behavior usually reduced and stopped

Question 18

Spanking consequences: Long term

Answer 18

links spanking parent with pain
creates a family climate of emotional rejection
associated with higher child aggression

Question 19

Recommendations - Spanking

Answer 19

• never under 2
• only when harm to child or others is at stake
• provide explanations

Question 20

Authoritarian : Parenting Characteristics

Answer 20

High levels of demand and control
low levels of communication

Question 21

Authoritarian: Child Consequences

Answer 21

good school performance
lower self-esteem and fewer peer interaction skills
subdued or highly aggressive

Question 22

Permissive: Parenting Characteristics

Answer 22

high in warmth and communication
low in demand and control

Question 23

Permissive: Child Consequences

Answer 23

poor adolescent school performance
more aggressive and immature
less responsible and independent

Question 24

Authoritative: Parenting Characteristics

Answer 24

High in warmth and communication
high in demand and control

Question 25

Authoritative: Child Consequences

Answer 25

higher self-esteem, independence, altruism
more parental compliance
self confident and achievement oriented
better school performance

Question 26

Uninvolved: Parenting Characteristics

Answer 26

low in demand and control
low in levels of warmth and communication

Question 27

Uninvolved: Child Consequences

Answer 27

disturbances in social relationships
more impulsive and antisocial in adolescence
less competent with peers
much less achievement-oriented in school

Question 28

Authoritative Pattern

Answer 28

positive outcomes seen in all ethnic groups
more common in white families and middle class
usually more common among intact families
least common among asian americans

Question 29

Custodial Grandparents effect

Answer 29

aging and parenting stress cause anxiety and depression
attempts to measure caregiving effectiveness are often confounded by the traumatic circumstances leading to grandparent placements

Question 30

Gay/Lesbian Parents effect

Answer 30

no expressed social or cognitive developmental differences between the children of gay parents and the children of heterosexual couples

Question 31

Frequency of Aggression from 2-8(4)

Answer 31

1. Physical aggression
2. Verbal aggression
3. Goal of aggression
4. Occasion for aggression

Question 32

Physical Aggression

Answer 32

2-4: at its peak
4-8: declines

Question 33

Verbal Aggression

Answer 33

2-4: rare but increases as verbal skills improve
4-8: dominant form of aggression

Question 34

Goal of Aggression

Answer 34

2-4: Mostly instrumental
4-8: Mostly hostile

Question 35

Occasion for aggression

Answer 35

2-4: Most often after conflicts with parent
4-8: Most often after conflicts with peers

Question 36

Aggression Definition

Answer 36

Behavior intended to hurt another or object

Question 37

Prosocial behavior

Answer 37

Actions that benefit or help another person
- increases during preschool years
- parental influences affect children’s empathy

Question 38

Friendships at different ages

Answer 38

18m: express friendships

3y: 20% have stable playmates

4y: 30% of child’s time is spent with another child