Middle Childhood- Mod 6 Flashcards
Psychoanalytic perspective: Freud
Gain control over bodily functions and renegotiate parent relationships
- anal stage
- phallic stage
Psychoanalytic perspective: Erikson
Agree with freud concerning added focus on social-skill development
- autonomy versus shame and doubt
- initiative versus guilt
Person Perception
increasing ability to classify others
To what degree do children understand intentions?
- punishment is for intentional acts
- actors’ intentions matter
- choices are bound by consequences.
What really is racism in a preschool classroom?
early judgements reflect ego thinking and cognitive immaturity(not actual racism)
Personality
A combination of temperament at birth and knowledge about temperament-related acquired during childhood
- social rewards encourage impulse control and behavior is modified
Three components of Self-Concept
- Categorical Self
- Social Self
- Emotional Self
The Emotional Self(6)
- relationship temperament
- aspects of empathy
- apprehending emotional state of others
- matching that state to self
- cultural differences
- moral emotions
Stages in Development of Empathy(4)
- Global empathy
- Egocentric empathy
- Empathy for another’s feelings
- Empathy for another’s life condition
Stage 1: Global empathy
0-1
infant might match someone else’s strong emotion
Stage 2: Egocentric empathy
12-18 months
responding to another’s distress with distress of their own, but they might attempt to cure the other’s distress by offering what they themselves would find most comforting
Stage 3: Empathy for another’s feelings
2/3 throughout elementary school
note other’s feelings
partially match those feelings
may attempt to help in non egocentric ways
Stage 4: Empathy for another’s life condition
late childhood or adolescence
generalized notion of others feelings
if they know its chronic or severe they’ll feel more distressed
Gender Schema Theory
development of gender schema underlies gender development and occurs with recognition of gender differences
Sex-Type Behavior
Develops earlier than ideas about gender
learned from older same-sex children
learned differently by gender
Secure & Insecurly attached children
secure- exhibit fewer behavior problems
insecurly- display more anger and aggression at daycare+preschool
Spanking Consequences: Short Term
undesirable behavior usually reduced and stopped
Spanking consequences: Long term
links spanking parent with pain
creates a family climate of emotional rejection
associated with higher child aggression
Recommendations - Spanking
- never under 2
- only when harm to child or others is at stake
- provide explanations
Authoritarian : Parenting Characteristics
High levels of demand and control
low levels of communication
Authoritarian: Child Consequences
good school performance
lower self-esteem and fewer peer interaction skills
subdued or highly aggressive
Permissive: Parenting Characteristics
high in warmth and communication
low in demand and control
Permissive: Child Consequences
poor adolescent school performance
more aggressive and immature
less responsible and independent
Authoritative: Parenting Characteristics
High in warmth and communication
high in demand and control
Authoritative: Child Consequences
higher self-esteem, independence, altruism
more parental compliance
self confident and achievement oriented
better school performance
Uninvolved: Parenting Characteristics
low in demand and control
low in levels of warmth and communication
Uninvolved: Child Consequences
disturbances in social relationships
more impulsive and antisocial in adolescence
less competent with peers
much less achievement-oriented in school
Authoritative Pattern
positive outcomes seen in all ethnic groups
more common in white families and middle class
usually more common among intact families
least common among asian americans
Custodial Grandparents effect
aging and parenting stress cause anxiety and depression
attempts to measure caregiving effectiveness are often confounded by the traumatic circumstances leading to grandparent placements
Gay/Lesbian Parents effect
no expressed social or cognitive developmental differences between the children of gay parents and the children of heterosexual couples
Frequency of Aggression from 2-8(4)
- Physical aggression
- Verbal aggression
- Goal of aggression
- Occasion for aggression
Physical Aggression
2-4: at its peak
4-8: declines
Verbal Aggression
2-4: rare but increases as verbal skills improve
4-8: dominant form of aggression
Goal of Aggression
2-4: Mostly instrumental
4-8: Mostly hostile
Occasion for aggression
2-4: Most often after conflicts with parent
4-8: Most often after conflicts with peers
Aggression Definition
Behavior intended to hurt another or object
Prosocial behavior
Actions that benefit or help another person
- increases during preschool years
- parental influences affect children’s empathy
Friendships at different ages
18m: express friendships
3y: 20% have stable playmates
4y: 30% of child’s time is spent with another child
