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National Exam CSLMS > Pre-Analytics > Flashcards

Pre-Analytics Flashcards

1
Q

What is a variable?

A

A factor that’s going to affect the outcome of test results & patient care

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2
Q

List 4 things that can affect how you choose a suitable venipuncture site?

A
  • hematoma
  • Edema
  • Burns
  • Scars
  • Skin Conditions
  • Occluded Veins
  • Sclerosis
  • Previous Mastectomy
  • Tattoos
  • IV Line
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3
Q

What can affect the success of a collection?

A

> Tourniquet time
Site cleansing
Blood flow
Defective supplies
Technique
Veins collapsing or rolling

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4
Q

What tests are affected by Lipemia?

A

electrolytes
LDH
hemoglobin
bilirubin
magnesium

  • Ammonia
  • Magnesium
  • Lipase
  • PTH
  • Electrolytes
  • TDM
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5
Q

Icterus samples affect which tests?

(Bilirubin in the cell)

A

Magnesium, Cholesterol,
Total Protein

  • Lactate
  • Cortisol
  • Vitamin B12
  • Ferritin
  • Free T4
  • PTH
  • Ammonia
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6
Q

What are the 2 most common errors with Arterial Blood Gas samples?

A

Not storing on ice
Not delivering within 5-10 minutes

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7
Q

What is the forgiveness time for therapeutic drugs?

A

± 10-15 minutes

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8
Q

Know your special collections

A
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9
Q

What tests need to be kept on ice after venipuncture?

A

Ammonia
Homocysteine

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10
Q

What tests need to be kept warm after venipuncture?

A

Cold agglutinin
Cryoglobulin

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11
Q

How long do SST tubes need to sit before centrifuge?

A

3o minutes at room temp

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12
Q

How long do Lavender tubes need to sit before centrifuge and at what temp?

A

Refrigerate

spun within 4 hours at the lab
before that to give adequate time for lab

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13
Q

What are common issues faced in transportation of samples?

A

Time
Temperature
Light

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14
Q

What causes hemolysis?

A
  • tourniquet left on or too tight (hemoconcentration)
  • shaking tube
  • alcohol not being dry
  • improper storage or transportation
  • tube unspun for too long
  • incorrect needle
  • incorrect volume for tube drawn
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15
Q

Hemolysis affects which tests most?

A

Potassium

LDH, AST, PTT

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16
Q

What causes icterus?

A

liver issues - viral, alcoholism, gallstones, cirrhosis, parasites
- hemolytic anemia

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17
Q

How can you eliminate contamination during a urine sample?

A

a midstream catch

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18
Q

Where is the most common place to store urine for preservation?

A

a refrigerator

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19
Q

If a urine sample is left overnight at room temperature, what changes can happen?

A

decrease in glucose and ketones

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20
Q

What are simple instructions for an FIT (Fecal Immunochemical Test) test?

A
  1. Place paper tissue between toilet seat lid and bowl
  2. Do your business
  3. Collect sample using grooves on the sample stick at the top of the sample tube
  4. Place back in the tube and twist closed
  5. Place in the ziplock bag provided and store in a refrigerator
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21
Q

Helicobacter Pylori Urea Breath Test steps are:

A
  1. Fast for 4 hours before your test:
    -Do not smoke or eat anything, no fluid one hour before the test
  2. Provide a breath sample
  3. Drink a lemon-lime solution
  4. Wait 30 minutes (do not smoke, eat, or drink during this time)
  5. Provide a second breath sample
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22
Q

For semen collection can the sample be brought in an hour after collection?

A

No.

Ideally 10-15 minutes after, but it can be 30 minutes after

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23
Q

What is the purpose of a centrifuge?

A

separation

to spin samples and separate cells

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24
Q

Can you put blood down the dirty sink?

A

No.

It has to get disposed of properly in a biohazard container

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25
Q

When would you use a fume hood?

A

When using chemicals you don’t want to inhale

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26
Q

What do you use an incubator for?

A

growing samples of microorganisms or bacteria

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27
Q

What is the major difference between a Fume Hood and a Biological Safety Cabinet?

A

The Biological Safety Cabinet is not vented to outside because the air goes through a hepa filter.
The Fume Hood is vented to outside.

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28
Q

How often does lab equipment need to be maintained/calibrated?

A

Every 6 months usually
Yearly for a full service

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29
Q

Which fecal test uses a chemical indicator/reaction method?

A

Fecal Occult Blood Test (FOB)

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30
Q

Which fecal test uses an antibody method?

A

Fecal Immunochemical Test (FIT)

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31
Q

What is a refrigerator’s temperature kept between?

A

2º - 8º C

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32
Q

Name the 4 groups microorganisms are grouped into

A

Bacteria
Virus
Fungi
Parasites

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33
Q

Name 2 things bacteria do for humans that ISN’T harmful

A
  • Provide us with vitamin K
  • Assist our digestive system
  • Protect our body surface from colonizing
    pathogens
  • Part of vaccines
  • Part of certain food processing
  • Nitrogen fixation assists soil fertility
  • Decompose organisms
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34
Q

What is the basic shape of Cocci (Coccus)?

A

Spherical

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35
Q

What is the basic shape of Bacilli (Bacillus)?

A

Rod-Shaped

36
Q

What is the basic shape of Spirilla (Spirillum/Helical)?

A

Spiral Shaped

37
Q

What are the 3 major nutritional needs for bacterial growth?

A

Carbon
Nitrogen
Energy (ATP)

38
Q

What temperatures are cultures routinely grown at?

A

35°-42°c

39
Q

What are anaerobe bacteria?

A

Bacteria that are unable to grow in the presence of oxygen

40
Q

What are aerobe bacteria?

A

Bacteria that needs oxygen to grow

41
Q

What are capnophilic bacteria?

A

Bacteria that grow better with a carbon dioxide enriched atmosphere

42
Q

An infection is dependant on what outcomes?

A

Size - of the infecting dose
Site - of infection
Virulence - of organism
Speed & Effectiveness - of immune response
Accurate ID, Timeliness and Treatment

43
Q

What is an ectoparasite?

A

Parasite that lives on external surfaces

44
Q

Bacteria are treated with?

A

Antibiotics

45
Q

What type of plate differentiates based on HEMOLYSIS?

A

BAP

Blood Agar Plate

46
Q

What is the difference between Bactericidal antibiotics and Bacteriostatic antibiotics?

A

Bactericidal KILLS bacteria out right by directly attacking the cell and injuring it.

Bacteriostatic STARVES the cell of nutrients, stopping it from dividing and attacking while letting the immune system attack the bacteria

47
Q

What colour is Gram positive?

A

Purple

48
Q

What colour is Gram negative?

A

Pink

49
Q

Should a plate be refrigerated before inoculation?

A

Yes, to prevent bacteria from growing

50
Q

What is differential media?

A

contains specific ingredients/chemicals that allow the observers to distinguish between species

Blood agar is a differential medium that distinguishes bacterial species by their ability to break down red blood cells

51
Q

What is this streaking pattern for?

A

Fluid

52
Q

What is this streaking pattern for?

A

Urine

53
Q

What is this streaking pattern called?

A

1/1/1

54
Q

What is this streaking pattern called?

A

5/3/1

55
Q

What is the order of Gram Staining?

A

Primary Stain - Crystal Violet
Mordant - Iodine
Decolorizer - Alcohol/Acetone
Counterstain - Safranin/Basic Fuchsin
Cells on Slide!

56
Q

How does a MAC (MacConkey) agar plate work?

A

It is selective and differentiates by LACTOSE FERMENTATION

selective for gram negative

selectively isolate bacilli usually found in the intestinal tract

57
Q

How does a BLOOD AGAR plate work?

A

It’s non selective and differentiates
by HEMOLYSIS

58
Q

How does a Chocolate AGAR work?

A

It’s non selective and the red blood cells have been lysed to aid in precise organism growth

commonly used to grow respiratory bacteria

59
Q

What is the KIRBY BAUER disc method?

A

To test the effectiveness of antibiotics on a specific microorganism

If the organism is susceptible to a specific antibiotic, there will be no growth around the disc containing the antibiotic

If the organism is resistant, there will be growth up to the disc

60
Q

What is an E Test?

A

Consists of a predefined gradient of
antibiotic concentrations on a plastic strip to determine the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of antibiotics, antifungal agents and antimycobacterial agents

61
Q

What are the 3 different types of sample taking methods?

A

Swab
Blood
Infected Tissue or Fluid

62
Q

How can we treat a virus?

A

treatments can only help with symptoms while the immune system fights off the virus

VACCINES are the best preventative method

63
Q

How long should you leave the Primary Stain on for?

A

1 minute

Crystal Violet

64
Q

How long should the Mordant stay on for?

A

1 minute

Mordant

65
Q

How long should the Decolorizer stay on for?

A

Just a quick second and rinse right away

Alcohol or Acetone

66
Q

How long does the Counterstain stay on for?

A

1 minute

Safranin or Basic Fuchsin

67
Q

Thick smears are to determine the presence/absence of what?

A

Parasites

68
Q

Qualities of a good thick smear are…

A

About the size of a dime
Print can be read through it

69
Q

A Thin smears purpose is to…

A

separate and count the % of parasitaemia (parasites in the blood)

70
Q

A quick stain takes how long?

A

The whole process is 1 minute

Giemsa or Wright

71
Q

Name 2 disadvantages to point of care testing

A

quality of results
lack of proficiency
possible errors with integration of data
inappropriate use
maintenance on QC (Quality Control)
costs much higher

72
Q

Pre-analytical errors with point of care include…

A

not wiping away first drop
excessive squeezing
not sanitizing
under or over filling the strip
incorrect patient ID
incorrect manual data entry
forgetting QC

73
Q

Automation ADVANTAGES include…

A

quicker than manual
cheaper b/c performed in bulk volume
higher precision & accuracy
Lab can handle more
tech can multitask

74
Q

Automation DISADVANTAGES include…

A

Equipment can malfunction
technology issues
maintenance

75
Q

Three reagents in a Wright’s stain are…

A

a) Alcohol - Methanol - Fixative
b) Methylene Blue - Basic Dye - stains acidic elements
c) Eosin - Acidic Dye - Stains bases elements

76
Q

What is the fixative/mordant found in Gram’s stain?

A

Iodine

77
Q

A blood agar plate differentiates bacteria based on what?

A

hemolytic properties

78
Q

Define bacteriostatic

A

prevents the growth of bacteria

79
Q

What is bactericidal?

A

kills bacteria

80
Q

What is a centrifuge?

A

A machine with a RAPIDLY ROTATING container that applies centrifugal FORCE to its contents, typically to SEPARATE FLUIDS of different DENSITIES

Calibrated every 3 months

81
Q

What does it mean to decontaminate?

A

to remove, neutralize, or destroy any harmful substances

82
Q

Define pathogen

A

An organism causing disease to its host

83
Q

What kind of infection happens when the bacteria is already present in your body?
a) Epidemic
b) Exogenous
c) Endogenous
d) Pandemic

A

c) Endogenous - proceeding from within; derived internally

Epidemic - occurring widely in a community at a particular time

Exogenous - growing or originating from OUTSIDE an organism.

Pandemic - a widespread occurrence of an infectious disease over a whole country or world at a particular time

84
Q

Gram positive have a _____ wall

A

thick

85
Q

Gram negative have a _____ wall

A

thin wall

with a lipid layer

National Exam CSLMS (15 decks)

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