Lab & Patho Flashcards
What is the function of the mouth?
Mechanical Digestion
Breakdown of food
Forms food into BOLUS
What enzyme is produced in the mouth?
Amylase (salivary gland)
What does amylase do?
breaks down carbs.
What is the function of the esophagus?
to bypass the thoracic cavity
The stomach’s function is?
store and churn food
What enzymes are in the stomach and what are their functions?
pepsin - makes protein chains smaller into amino acids
HCl (Hydrochloric Acid) - breaks up food (chemical breakdown), activates enzymes
What is made in the stomach consisting of gastric juices and food?
chyme
True or False
Is the function of the duodenum chemical breakdown?
TRUE
The pancreatic juice and bile in the duodenum contains what enzymes?
Amylase
Protease
Nuclease
Lipase
Amylase breaks down ______ into _____?
carbs into glucose
What breaks down protein into amino acids?
protease
Nuclease breaks down ______ into _____?
DNA/RNA into nucleic acids
What breaks down fats into fatty acids?
lipase
What is the function of bile?
emulsify fats
(separate fats)
What is the main function of the large intestine?
absorb water
What is the liver’s function in the digestive system?
produce bile to aid in digestion
What is respiration?
exchanging of gas
When air is taken in through the lungs it’s called _______
inspiration
Oxygen replaces Carbon Dioxide in the blood in the ______
Lungs
What is expelled from the body through expiration?
C02
carbon dioxide
What does the Hypothalamus produce and what is their purpose?
ADH - stimulates kidneys to absorb water
Oxytocin - important for uterine contractions
Where are ADH and Oxytocin stored and secreted from?
Posterior Pituitary gland
What Hormones are produced in the Anterior Pituitary Gland?
FSH
LH
TSH
Prolactin
GH
ACTH
What does FSH stimulate?
Gonads to produce gametes
LH stimulates what?
gonads to make androgens
Production of milk in the mammary glands is promoted by what hormone?
prolactin
TSH stimulates what?
Thyroid to release thyroid hormones (T4, T3, Calcitonin)
Which hormone stimulates growth?
GH
(Growth hormone)
What stimulates the adrenal cortex to release hormones?
ACTH
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
What does the Pineal Gland produce and what does it control?
Melatonin - controls circadian rhythm (sleep cycle)
What hormones does the thyroid produce?
What is their function?
Produces T4 & T3 - regulates metabolic rate of the body
Calcitonin - decreases calcium in the blood
What increases calcium in the blood?
The Parathyroid Gland by producing PTH (parathyroid hormone)
What cells are produced in the pancreas and what do they do?
Alpha Cells INCREASE glucose
Beta Cells DECREASE glucose
The Adrenal Glands consist of ______ ______ and ______ _____
Adrenal Medulla
Adrenal Cortex
What does the adrenal medulla produce and what does that control?
norepinephrine & epinephrine
Fight or flight response
Where is cortisol produced and what is it?
produced in Adrenal cortex
Is the stress hormone
The adrenal cortex produces cortisol and ______
aldosterone - reabsorption of sodium and secretion of potassium
What are the 2 gonads?
Ovaries and Testes
What hormones does the Ovary produce and their functions?
Progesterone - Uterine lining & maintaining
Estrogen - Uterine lining growth and secondary sex characteristics
The zygote produces what hormone to prevent the cycle from starting?
HCG
(Human Chorionic Gonadotropin)
Testes produce what hormones?
Androgen - Testosterone is an androgen
What hormone makes sperm cells and controls secondary sex hormones?
Testosterone
What structure is in more than 1 system and what is its function within those systems?
Liver
– Lymphatic - Absorption of lipids, lipid soluble vitamins & drugs
- Digestive - Produce Bile
Pancreas
– Endocrine - produce, store, and secrete hormones that regulate glucose levels
- Digestive - produce and secrete pancreatic juice into duodenum
What is the purpose (FUNCTIONS) of the Cardiovascular System?
- Transport & Exchange of gas, nutrient and waste
- Blood Pressure
- Coagulation
- Immune Functions
- Body Temp. Regulation
In the cardiovascular system what is the function of the heart?
Blood flow
Drives blood between heart and lungs or body
What is the purpose of Arteries?
to deliver oxygen, nutrients, & other blood components to the BODY
What is the function of Veins?
Transport CO2, waste & other blood product for FILTERING/EXCRETION
What is the purpose of Capillaries?
Site of gas, nutrient & waste EXCHANGE
Site of interstitial fluid EXCHANGE
What’s the main component in Plasma?
H2O - Water (92%)
Formed Elements main component is…
99% Erythrocytes
RBC function is…
(Erythrocytes)
transport of gases
produced in bone marrow
WBC function is…
(Leukocytes)
immune function
PLT function is…
(Thrombocytes)
Used in coagulation as activated platelets can “plug” the wound.
What are the main FUNCTIONS of the Digestive System?
Mechanical & biochemical breakdown of food
Production & secretion of digestive chemicals
Absorption of water & nutritional requirements
Biomolecule processing
Waste excretion
The Skeletal systems function?
◦ Support
◦ Protection
◦ Movement
◦ Storage
◦ Hematopoiesis
What are joints composed of?
Name 2 components.
- Tendons (attached muscle to bone)
- Ligaments (connects two bones)
- Cartilage
- Joint Capsules
- Synovial Fluid (depending on the joint)
Function of the Muscular System
◦ Movement
◦ Body Position & Posture
◦ Thermoregulation (Heat Production)
What are the 3 types of muscle fibers and their characteristics?
Cardiac Muscle Tissue (Heart)
◦ Structure: interlocking and branching fibers
◦ Function: involuntary synced contraction to pump blood
Skeletal - Produce MOVEMENT and hold body’s posture, Individual fibers connected to tendons & Bones
◦ Function: VOLUNTARY contraction- heat production & organ protection
Smooth Muscle (Organ Walls/Passageways)
◦ Structure: spindle shaped cells that contract
◦ Function: INVOLUNTARY contraction- propel substances
Key STRUCTURES of the Respiratory System
Nasal cavities
Pharynx & Larynx
Trachea
Lungs & Alveoli
The FUNCTION of the Respiratory System
Ventilation
Respiration
Acid base balance
Non specific immune defense
Communication
The Integumentary System Structures?
◦ Capillaries
◦ Glands: Sweat, Sebaceous
◦ Nerve Endings, Sensory Receptors
◦ Skin Cells
The Skin’s Function includes…
- Protection
- Thermoregulation
- Sensation
- Excretion
- Vitamin D Synthesis
What is the FUNCTION of the Nervous System?
Receive and interpret sensory
data
Integrate data
Coordinate motor response
Higher functions
What is the difference between MCV, MCHC, MCH?
MCV = average size of RBC
MCH = amount of hemoglobin in 1 RBC
MCHC = average weight of hemoglobin in one liter
Platelet clumping is a cause of…
poor mixing
What is the fixative in Histology?
What is the ratio used to mix (fix:spec)?
Formaldehyde
20:1
What is the fixative used in Cytology?
What is the ratio used (fix:spec)?
Ethanol
1:1
What lives in the bloodstream for 2-3 days and then moves into tissue, as a macrophage?
Monocytes
What WBC is the 1st on site, used with bacterial infections and phagocytosis?
Neutrophils
The WBC that is associated with allergies and neoplastic disorders, is
Basophils
What WBC is used with allergies and parasites?
Eosinophil
What WBC is used when there is a viral infection and consists of T Cells (Cell-Mediated Destruction) and B Cells (Antibody Production)
Lymphocytes
Who are the cells that are first on the scene of an injury with a lifespan of 8-12 days?
Thrombocytes
What blood component is associated with the final stage of clot formation (clot solidification)?
Fibrinogen
What blood component is associated with osmotic pressure maintenance and molecule binding for transport?
Albumin
What blood component is associated with immune response?
Leukocytes
What blood component is molecule binding for transport and used in antibody production?
Globulin
What blood component is associated with the clot breakdown?
Plasmin
What blood component is in the initial clotting stages (plugging of vessel)?
Platelet
What blood component is associated with gas transportation and Bicarbonate CO2 conversion?
Erythrocyte
Which WBC’s are Granulocytes?
Neutrophils
Basophils
Eosinophils
What WBC’s are Arangulytes?
Monocytes
Lymphocytes
