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National Exam CSLMS > Lab & Patho > Flashcards

Lab & Patho Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the mouth?

A

Mechanical Digestion

Breakdown of food
Forms food into BOLUS

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2
Q

What enzyme is produced in the mouth?

A

Amylase (salivary gland)

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3
Q

What does amylase do?

A

breaks down carbs.

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4
Q

What is the function of the esophagus?

A

to bypass the thoracic cavity

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5
Q

The stomach’s function is?

A

store and churn food

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6
Q

What enzymes are in the stomach and what are their functions?

A

pepsin - makes protein chains smaller into amino acids

HCl (Hydrochloric Acid) - breaks up food (chemical breakdown), activates enzymes

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7
Q

What is made in the stomach consisting of gastric juices and food?

A

chyme

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8
Q

True or False

Is the function of the duodenum chemical breakdown?

A

TRUE

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9
Q

The pancreatic juice and bile in the duodenum contains what enzymes?

A

Amylase
Protease
Nuclease
Lipase

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10
Q

Amylase breaks down ______ into _____?

A

carbs into glucose

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11
Q

What breaks down protein into amino acids?

A

protease

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12
Q

Nuclease breaks down ______ into _____?

A

DNA/RNA into nucleic acids

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13
Q

What breaks down fats into fatty acids?

A

lipase

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14
Q

What is the function of bile?

A

emulsify fats
(separate fats)

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15
Q

What is the main function of the large intestine?

A

absorb water

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16
Q

What is the liver’s function in the digestive system?

A

produce bile to aid in digestion

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17
Q

What is respiration?

A

exchanging of gas

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18
Q

When air is taken in through the lungs it’s called _______

A

inspiration

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19
Q

Oxygen replaces Carbon Dioxide in the blood in the ______

A

Lungs

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20
Q

What is expelled from the body through expiration?

A

C02
carbon dioxide

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21
Q

What does the Hypothalamus produce and what is their purpose?

A

ADH - stimulates kidneys to absorb water

Oxytocin - important for uterine contractions

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22
Q

Where are ADH and Oxytocin stored and secreted from?

A

Posterior Pituitary gland

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23
Q

What Hormones are produced in the Anterior Pituitary Gland?

A

FSH
LH
TSH
Prolactin
GH
ACTH

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24
Q

What does FSH stimulate?

A

Gonads to produce gametes

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25
Q

LH stimulates what?

A

gonads to make androgens

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26
Q

Production of milk in the mammary glands is promoted by what hormone?

A

prolactin

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27
Q

TSH stimulates what?

A

Thyroid to release thyroid hormones (T4, T3, Calcitonin)

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28
Q

Which hormone stimulates growth?

A

GH
(Growth hormone)

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29
Q

What stimulates the adrenal cortex to release hormones?

A

ACTH

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

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30
Q

What does the Pineal Gland produce and what does it control?

A

Melatonin - controls circadian rhythm (sleep cycle)

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31
Q

What hormones does the thyroid produce?
What is their function?

A

Produces T4 & T3 - regulates metabolic rate of the body

Calcitonin - decreases calcium in the blood

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32
Q

What increases calcium in the blood?

A

The Parathyroid Gland by producing PTH (parathyroid hormone)

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33
Q

What cells are produced in the pancreas and what do they do?

A

Alpha Cells INCREASE glucose

Beta Cells DECREASE glucose

34
Q

The Adrenal Glands consist of ______ ______ and ______ _____

A

Adrenal Medulla

Adrenal Cortex

35
Q

What does the adrenal medulla produce and what does that control?

A

norepinephrine & epinephrine

Fight or flight response

36
Q

Where is cortisol produced and what is it?

A

produced in Adrenal cortex

Is the stress hormone

37
Q

The adrenal cortex produces cortisol and ______

A

aldosterone - reabsorption of sodium and secretion of potassium

38
Q

What are the 2 gonads?

A

Ovaries and Testes

39
Q

What hormones does the Ovary produce and their functions?

A

Progesterone - Uterine lining & maintaining
Estrogen - Uterine lining growth and secondary sex characteristics

40
Q

The zygote produces what hormone to prevent the cycle from starting?

A

HCG
(Human Chorionic Gonadotropin)

41
Q

Testes produce what hormones?

A

Androgen - Testosterone is an androgen

42
Q

What hormone makes sperm cells and controls secondary sex hormones?

A

Testosterone

43
Q

What structure is in more than 1 system and what is its function within those systems?

A

Liver
– Lymphatic - Absorption of lipids, lipid soluble vitamins & drugs
- Digestive - Produce Bile

Pancreas
– Endocrine - produce, store, and secrete hormones that regulate glucose levels
- Digestive - produce and secrete pancreatic juice into duodenum

44
Q

What is the purpose (FUNCTIONS) of the Cardiovascular System?

A
  • Transport & Exchange of gas, nutrient and waste
  • Blood Pressure
  • Coagulation
  • Immune Functions
  • Body Temp. Regulation
45
Q

In the cardiovascular system what is the function of the heart?

A

Blood flow
Drives blood between heart and lungs or body

46
Q

What is the purpose of Arteries?

A

to deliver oxygen, nutrients, & other blood components to the BODY

47
Q

What is the function of Veins?

A

Transport CO2, waste & other blood product for FILTERING/EXCRETION

48
Q

What is the purpose of Capillaries?

A

Site of gas, nutrient & waste EXCHANGE

Site of interstitial fluid EXCHANGE

49
Q

What’s the main component in Plasma?

A

H2O - Water (92%)

50
Q

Formed Elements main component is…

A

99% Erythrocytes

51
Q

RBC function is…
(Erythrocytes)

A

transport of gases

produced in bone marrow

52
Q

WBC function is…
(Leukocytes)

A

immune function

53
Q

PLT function is…
(Thrombocytes)

A

Used in coagulation as activated platelets can “plug” the wound.

54
Q

What are the main FUNCTIONS of the Digestive System?

A

 Mechanical & biochemical breakdown of food

 Production & secretion of digestive chemicals

 Absorption of water & nutritional requirements

 Biomolecule processing

 Waste excretion

55
Q

The Skeletal systems function?

A

◦ Support

◦ Protection

◦ Movement

◦ Storage

◦ Hematopoiesis

56
Q

What are joints composed of?
Name 2 components.

A
  • Tendons (attached muscle to bone)
  • Ligaments (connects two bones)
  • Cartilage
  • Joint Capsules
  • Synovial Fluid (depending on the joint)
57
Q

Function of the Muscular System

A

◦ Movement

◦ Body Position & Posture

◦ Thermoregulation (Heat Production)

58
Q

What are the 3 types of muscle fibers and their characteristics?

A

Cardiac Muscle Tissue (Heart)
◦ Structure: interlocking and branching fibers
◦ Function: involuntary synced contraction to pump blood

Skeletal - Produce MOVEMENT and hold body’s posture, Individual fibers connected to tendons & Bones
◦ Function: VOLUNTARY contraction- heat production & organ protection

Smooth Muscle (Organ Walls/Passageways)
◦ Structure: spindle shaped cells that contract
◦ Function: INVOLUNTARY contraction- propel substances

59
Q

Key STRUCTURES of the Respiratory System

A

 Nasal cavities

 Pharynx & Larynx

 Trachea

 Lungs & Alveoli

60
Q

The FUNCTION of the Respiratory System

A

 Ventilation
 Respiration
 Acid base balance
 Non specific immune defense
 Communication

61
Q

The Integumentary System Structures?

A

◦ Capillaries

◦ Glands: Sweat, Sebaceous

◦ Nerve Endings, Sensory Receptors

◦ Skin Cells

62
Q

The Skin’s Function includes…

A
  • Protection
  • Thermoregulation
  • Sensation
  • Excretion
  • Vitamin D Synthesis
63
Q

What is the FUNCTION of the Nervous System?

A

 Receive and interpret sensory
data
 Integrate data
 Coordinate motor response
 Higher functions

64
Q

What is the difference between MCV, MCHC, MCH?

A

MCV = average size of RBC

MCH = amount of hemoglobin in 1 RBC

MCHC = average weight of hemoglobin in one liter

65
Q

Platelet clumping is a cause of…

A

poor mixing

66
Q

What is the fixative in Histology?

What is the ratio used to mix (fix:spec)?

A

Formaldehyde

20:1

67
Q

What is the fixative used in Cytology?

What is the ratio used (fix:spec)?

A

Ethanol

1:1

68
Q

What lives in the bloodstream for 2-3 days and then moves into tissue, as a macrophage?

69
Q

What WBC is the 1st on site, used with bacterial infections and phagocytosis?

A

Neutrophils

70
Q

The WBC that is associated with allergies and neoplastic disorders, is

71
Q

What WBC is used with allergies and parasites?

A

Eosinophil

72
Q

What WBC is used when there is a viral infection and consists of T Cells (Cell-Mediated Destruction) and B Cells (Antibody Production)

A

Lymphocytes

73
Q

Who are the cells that are first on the scene of an injury with a lifespan of 8-12 days?

A

Thrombocytes

74
Q

What blood component is associated with the final stage of clot formation (clot solidification)?

A

Fibrinogen

75
Q

What blood component is associated with osmotic pressure maintenance and molecule binding for transport?

76
Q

What blood component is associated with immune response?

A

Leukocytes

77
Q

What blood component is molecule binding for transport and used in antibody production?

78
Q

What blood component is associated with the clot breakdown?

79
Q

What blood component is in the initial clotting stages (plugging of vessel)?

80
Q

What blood component is associated with gas transportation and Bicarbonate CO2 conversion?

A

Erythrocyte

81
Q

Which WBC’s are Granulocytes?

A

Neutrophils
Basophils
Eosinophils

82
Q

What WBC’s are Arangulytes?

A

Monocytes
Lymphocytes

National Exam CSLMS (15 decks)

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