Lab & Patho Flashcards by Jessica Hayward

What is the function of the mouth?

Mechanical Digestion

Breakdown of food
Forms food into BOLUS

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What enzyme is produced in the mouth?

Amylase (salivary gland)

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What does amylase do?

breaks down carbs.

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What is the function of the esophagus?

to bypass the thoracic cavity

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The stomach’s function is?

store and churn food

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What enzymes are in the stomach and what are their functions?

pepsin - makes protein chains smaller into amino acids

HCl (Hydrochloric Acid) - breaks up food (chemical breakdown), activates enzymes

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What is made in the stomach consisting of gastric juices and food?

chyme

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True or False

Is the function of the duodenum chemical breakdown?

TRUE

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The pancreatic juice and bile in the duodenum contains what enzymes?

Amylase
Protease
Nuclease
Lipase

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Amylase breaks down ______ into _____?

carbs into glucose

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What breaks down protein into amino acids?

protease

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Nuclease breaks down ______ into _____?

DNA/RNA into nucleic acids

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What breaks down fats into fatty acids?

lipase

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What is the function of bile?

emulsify fats
(separate fats)

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What is the main function of the large intestine?

absorb water

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What is the liver’s function in the digestive system?

produce bile to aid in digestion

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What is respiration?

exchanging of gas

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When air is taken in through the lungs it’s called _______

inspiration

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Oxygen replaces Carbon Dioxide in the blood in the ______

Lungs

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What is expelled from the body through expiration?

C02
carbon dioxide

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What does the Hypothalamus produce and what is their purpose?

ADH - stimulates kidneys to absorb water

Oxytocin - important for uterine contractions

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Where are ADH and Oxytocin stored and secreted from?

Posterior Pituitary gland

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What Hormones are produced in the Anterior Pituitary Gland?

FSH
LH
TSH
Prolactin
GH
ACTH

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What does FSH stimulate?

Gonads to produce gametes

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LH stimulates what?

gonads to make androgens

Production of milk in the mammary glands is promoted by what hormone?

prolactin

TSH stimulates what?

Thyroid to release thyroid hormones (T4, T3, Calcitonin)

Which hormone stimulates growth?

GH (Growth hormone)

What stimulates the adrenal cortex to release hormones?

ACTH Adrenocorticotropic hormone

What does the Pineal Gland produce and what does it control?

Melatonin - controls circadian rhythm (sleep cycle)

What hormones does the thyroid produce? What is their function?

Produces T4 & T3 - regulates metabolic rate of the body Calcitonin - decreases calcium in the blood

What increases calcium in the blood?

The Parathyroid Gland by producing PTH (parathyroid hormone)

What cells are produced in the pancreas and what do they do?

Alpha Cells INCREASE glucose Beta Cells DECREASE glucose

The Adrenal Glands consist of ______ ______ and ______ _____

Adrenal Medulla Adrenal Cortex

What does the adrenal medulla produce and what does that control?

norepinephrine & epinephrine Fight or flight response

Where is cortisol produced and what is it?

produced in Adrenal cortex Is the stress hormone

The adrenal cortex produces cortisol and ______

aldosterone - reabsorption of sodium and secretion of potassium

What are the 2 gonads?

Ovaries and Testes

What hormones does the Ovary produce and their functions?

Progesterone - Uterine lining & maintaining Estrogen - Uterine lining growth and secondary sex characteristics

The zygote produces what hormone to prevent the cycle from starting?

HCG (Human Chorionic Gonadotropin)

Testes produce what hormones?

Androgen - Testosterone is an androgen

What hormone makes sperm cells and controls secondary sex hormones?

Testosterone

What structure is in more than 1 system and what is its function within those systems?

Liver – Lymphatic - Absorption of lipids, lipid soluble vitamins & drugs - Digestive - Produce Bile Pancreas – Endocrine - produce, store, and secrete hormones that regulate glucose levels - Digestive - produce and secrete pancreatic juice into duodenum

What is the purpose (FUNCTIONS) of the Cardiovascular System?

- Transport & Exchange of gas, nutrient and waste - Blood Pressure - Coagulation - Immune Functions - Body Temp. Regulation

In the cardiovascular system what is the function of the heart?

Blood flow Drives blood between heart and lungs or body

What is the purpose of Arteries?

to deliver oxygen, nutrients, & other blood components to the BODY

What is the function of Veins?

Transport CO2, waste & other blood product for FILTERING/EXCRETION

What is the purpose of Capillaries?

Site of gas, nutrient & waste EXCHANGE Site of interstitial fluid EXCHANGE

What's the main component in Plasma?

H2O - Water (92%)

Formed Elements main component is...

99% Erythrocytes

RBC function is... (Erythrocytes)

transport of gases produced in bone marrow

WBC function is... (Leukocytes)

immune function

PLT function is... (Thrombocytes)

Used in coagulation as activated platelets can “plug” the wound.

What are the main FUNCTIONS of the Digestive System?

 Mechanical & biochemical breakdown of food  Production & secretion of digestive chemicals  Absorption of water & nutritional requirements  Biomolecule processing  Waste excretion

The Skeletal systems function?

◦ Support ◦ Protection ◦ Movement ◦ Storage ◦ Hematopoiesis

What are joints composed of? Name 2 components.

* Tendons (attached muscle to bone) * Ligaments (connects two bones) * Cartilage * Joint Capsules * Synovial Fluid (depending on the joint)

Function of the Muscular System

◦ Movement ◦ Body Position & Posture ◦ Thermoregulation (Heat Production)

What are the 3 types of muscle fibers and their characteristics?

Cardiac Muscle Tissue (Heart) ◦ Structure: interlocking and branching fibers ◦ Function: involuntary synced contraction to pump blood Skeletal - Produce MOVEMENT and hold body's posture, Individual fibers connected to tendons & Bones ◦ Function: VOLUNTARY contraction- heat production & organ protection Smooth Muscle (Organ Walls/Passageways) ◦ Structure: spindle shaped cells that contract ◦ Function: INVOLUNTARY contraction- propel substances

Key STRUCTURES of the Respiratory System

 Nasal cavities  Pharynx & Larynx  Trachea  Lungs & Alveoli

The FUNCTION of the Respiratory System

 Ventilation  Respiration  Acid base balance  Non specific immune defense  Communication

The Integumentary System Structures?

◦ Capillaries ◦ Glands: Sweat, Sebaceous ◦ Nerve Endings, Sensory Receptors ◦ Skin Cells

The Skin's Function includes...

* Protection * Thermoregulation * Sensation * Excretion * Vitamin D Synthesis

What is the FUNCTION of the Nervous System?

 Receive and interpret sensory data  Integrate data  Coordinate motor response  Higher functions

What is the difference between MCV, MCHC, MCH?

MCV = average size of RBC MCH = amount of hemoglobin in 1 RBC MCHC = average weight of hemoglobin in one liter

Platelet clumping is a cause of...

poor mixing

What is the fixative in Histology? What is the ratio used to mix (fix:spec)?

Formaldehyde 20:1

What is the fixative used in Cytology? What is the ratio used (fix:spec)?

Ethanol 1:1

What lives in the bloodstream for 2-3 days and then moves into tissue, as a macrophage?

Monocytes

What WBC is the 1st on site, used with bacterial infections and phagocytosis?

Neutrophils

The WBC that is associated with allergies and neoplastic disorders, is

Basophils

What WBC is used with allergies and parasites?

Eosinophil

What WBC is used when there is a viral infection and consists of T Cells (Cell-Mediated Destruction) and B Cells (Antibody Production)

Lymphocytes

Who are the cells that are first on the scene of an injury with a lifespan of 8-12 days?

Thrombocytes

What blood component is associated with the final stage of clot formation (clot solidification)?

Fibrinogen

What blood component is associated with osmotic pressure maintenance and molecule binding for transport?

Albumin

What blood component is associated with immune response?

Leukocytes

What blood component is molecule binding for transport and used in antibody production?

Globulin

What blood component is associated with the clot breakdown?

Plasmin

What blood component is in the initial clotting stages (plugging of vessel)?

Platelet

What blood component is associated with gas transportation and Bicarbonate CO2 conversion?

Erythrocyte

Which WBC's are Granulocytes?

Neutrophils Basophils Eosinophils

What WBC's are Arangulytes?

Monocytes Lymphocytes