Praxis PLT Flashcards
Behaviorism
thought process cannot be directly observed
Social Learning Theory
learn from others
self-regulation
take charge and direct their own actions
information processing theory
inside learners
constructivism
people create knowledge from observation and experiences
sociocultural theory
social, cultural, and historical contexts
classical conditioning
Pavlov’s dogs salivate
operant conditioning
Skinner rats push lever for food
social learning theory
Bandura toy doll experiment
constructivism
Piaget’s stages of cognitive development
Assimilation
(Piaget constructivism) new experiences that is consistent with present scheme
Accommodation
(Piaget constructivism) new experiences that is not consistent with present scheme
Vygotsky
Sociocultural theory- Zone of proximal development w/scaffolding
Cognitive-development theory
Stages, Many are constructivist, Piaget and Kohlberg
Nativism
behaviors are biologically built in
Psychodynamic theory
focuses on personality development, early experiences can have significant effects on development
sensorimotor
0-2 years
preoperational
2-7 years
concrete operational
7-11 year
formal operational
11+
Dev Infancy
Dev Birth-2
Dev childhood
dev 2-6
dev middle childhood
dev 6-10
dev early adolescence
dev 10-14
dev late adolescence
dev 14-18
Graphic Organizer
A visual aid to help organize information.
Student Centered
Learning target focused on the student and his or her performance.
Discovery Learning
A constructivist approach to teaching in which students are encouraged to discover principles for themselves.
Reflect, Revise, Re-Teach
Post teaching strategy to help fix problems and gain the best results for students.
Intentionality
Doing things for a purpose; teachers who use intentionality plan their actions based on the outcomes they want to achieve.
Self-Efficacy
One’s belief in his or her own ability. (Bandura)
Formative Assessment
Assessment used throughout teaching of a lesson and/or unit to gauge students’ understanding and inform and guide teaching.
Summative Assessment
Evaluation at the conclusion of a unit.
Informal Assessment
Ongoing classroom activities focused on individual achievements.
Formal Assessment
The process of systematically gathering the same kind of information from every student.
Developmentally Appropriate
Tasks that are suitable to a child given his/her age and interests.
IDEA
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act
IEP
The Individual Education Plan developed for each child eligible for special education, based on the child’s unique needs.
FAPE
All children must receive a free, appropriate public education at public expense. Principle of IDEA.
LRE
Least Restrictive Environment.
Constructivism
Theoretical perspective proposing that learners construct, rather than absorb, knowledge from their experiences.
Transfer
Application of a skill learned in one situation to a different but similar situation.
Metacognition
The awareness of one’s own cognitive process. (Thinking about thinking)
Zone of Proximal Development
In Vygotsky’s theory, a range of tasks too difficult for a child to do alone but possible with the help of more-skilled partners.
Intrinsic Motivation
A desire to perform a behavior for its own sake.
Extrinsic Motivation
A desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment.
Readiness
The extent to which people have the ability and willingness to accomplish a specific task.
Bloom’s Taxonomy
Knowledge > Comprehension > Application > Analysis > Synthesis > Evaluation
Schema
A concept or framework that organizes and interprets information.
Learned Helplessness
When one becomes dependant on others and beginning to think that you have no ability to do for yourself.
Operant Conditioning
(Skinner) A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punishment.
Direct Instruction
Teacher-centered instruction which includes lecture, presentation, and recitation.
State Standards
Explicit statements specifying what students are expected to learn.
Essential Question
A provocative question designed to engage student interest and guide inquiry into the important ideas in a field of study.
Backward Design
A process for designing a curriculum or unit by beginning with the end in mind and designing toward that end.
Scope and Sequence
Scope is what you are covering and sequence is when you are covering it.
Validity
The extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to.
Reliability
The extent to which a test yields consistent results.
Stanine
Divide distribution of scores into 9 equal intervals (1=low, 9=high).
Brown vs. Board of Education
1954 - Ruled that racial segregation in public schools was not equal, so could not occur.
Sensorimotor Stage
In Piaget’s theory, the stage (from birth to 2) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities.
Preoperational Stage
In Piaget’s theory, the stage (from 2 to 6 or 7) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic.
Concrete Operations Stage
In Piaget’s theory, the stage (from 7-11) of cognitive development, in which adult-like logic appears but is limited to concrete reality.
Formal Operations Stage
In Piaget’s theory, the stage of cognitive development (ages 11 or 12 and beyond), which is characterized by the ability to apply logical thinking to abstract problems and hypothetical situations.
Assimilation
In the theories of Jean Piaget: Attaching old schema to a new object.
With-It-Ness
Awareness of what is happening in your classroom.
Objectives
What students must know after a lesson.
Norm-Referenced Test
A test that evaluates each individual relative to a normative group.
Criterion-Referenced Test
A test that measures achievement according to a predetermined standard.
