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1
Q

Physical Growth

A

Adequate nutrition and exercise

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2
Q

Alcohol & Drug Abuse

A

Irreparable brain damage to unborn children and low birth weights are only a few causes of abnormal physical and emotional development

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3
Q

Infants: 7 months

A

Crawling

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4
Q

Infants: 8 months

A

Eating with hands (finger foods)

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5
Q

Infants: 9 months

A

Sit up (alone)

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6
Q

Infants: 11 months

A

stand up (alone)

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7
Q

Infants: 12 months

A

Body weight triples

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10
Q

12-15 months to 2.5 years

A

Toddlers (Walking, Feed Self, Self-Control, Learn through Play, expresses utilizing “no”, Toilet-training)

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11
Q

Preschool

A

Exit of Toddlerhood-Entry into Kindergarten

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14
Q

Elementary

A

6-10 in girls; 6-12 in boys

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17
Q

Adolescence

A

Begins at 10, girls/ Begins at 12, boys

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21
Q

Behaviorism

A

first significant theory of development

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23
Q

John Watson

A

1900s; originated the behaviorist movement

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25
Q

Conditioned Response

A

Child was “taught” to respond in a particular way to a stimulus that would not naturally elicit that response.

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26
Q

Ivan Pavlov

A

Russian physiologist who observed conditioned salivary responses in dogs (1849-1936)

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29
Q

Edward Thorndike

A

1900s; developed own form of behaviorism: Instrumental Conditioning

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31
Q

Law of exercise

A

Conditioned response can be strengthened by repeating the response (practice)

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32
Q

Law of effect

A

Rewarded responses are strengthened while punished responses are weakened

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33
Q

B.F. Skinner

A

Most influential behaviorist; believed students learned when teachers gave immediate positive feedback

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35
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

studies how voluntary behavior could be shaped

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37
Q

Positive Reinforcement

A

(Reward)

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39
Q

Negative Reinforcement

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A

Students escape punishment by repeating desired responses

40
Q

Extinction

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A

Undesired responses are not reinforced

41
Q

Punishment

Study These Flashcards
A

Undesired responses are punished

42
Jean Piaget
most prominent of cognitive psychologists
47
Stage theory
currently the most popular form of child development; helps you understand the general way students learn and develop concepts
48
Sensorimotor
(birth to 18 months)
51
Preoperational
(18 months to 7 years)
53
Concrete Operational
(7-12 years)
55
Formal Operational
(12+ years)
57
Sigmund Freud
Austrian neurologist who originated psychoanalysis (1856-1939); believed that humans pass through 4 stages of psychosexual development: oral, anal, phallic, and genital and personality itself consists of the id, ego, and superego
58
Erik Eriksen
Built on Freud's work and partitioned the life span into 8 psychosocial stages, 4 of which fall within the school years: Initiative vs. Guilt, Industry vs. Inferiority, Identity vs. Identity Confusion, Intimacy vs. Isolation
59
Inititiative vs. Guilt
Kindergarten: Children accepted and treated warmly tend to feel more comfortable; rejected children tend to become inhibited and guilty
60
Industry vs. Inferiority
Elementary Grades: Students who are accepted by their peers do well in school and are more successful than those who do not feel good about themselves
61
Identity vs. Identity Confusion
Grades 6-9: Students who establish an identity and a sense of direction and who develop gender, social, and occupational roles experience an easier transition into adulthood than those who do not establish these roles.
62
Intimacy vs. Isolation
Grades 10-12: Students who have passed successfully through the other stages will find it easier to establish a relationship with a member of the opposite sex while others may experience a difficult transition into adult life.
63
Lawrence Kohlberg
proposed three levels of moral development with two stages at each level: Preconventional Morality, Conventional Morality, and Postconventional Morality
64
Preconventional Morality
(preschool and primary grades)
67
Conventional Morality
(middle grades through high school)
70
Postconventional Morality
(high school and beyond)
73
Albert Bandura
leading social learning theorist
77
modeling
when children act the way the see others act, or they learn vicariously by observing others
78
Nature vs. Nurture
nature (heredity and genes) vs. nurture (environment and experience)
81
American schools
based upon teachings of Pestalozzi and Herbart
82
Maria Montessori
established her school, Casa Bambini, in 1908
84
John Dewey
established the first "progressive" school in the 1900s
85
progressive education movement
sought to build a curriculum around the child rather than around the subject matter
88
essentialist movement
teacher-centered classroom
91
federal government
-took a more active role in the schools since the Depression of the 1930s
94
Public Law 94-142/99-457
federal government's first direct intervention in school instruction
96
Public Law 98-199
mandates transitional services for high school students
98
Bruner/Process of Education
urged student's active involvement in the learning process.
101
Skinner/behaviorism
Skinner thought learning material should be broken down into small manageable steps; students taught step by step and rewarded for success
103
Piaget
posited that students go through stages as they develop concepts: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational

Praxis (15 decks)

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