Pragmatics

Question 1

Genre

Answer 1

The type of text.

Question 2

Register

Answer 2

The manner in the way you write/speak- Informal or formal.

Question 3

Mode

Answer 3

The type of communication: written or spoken or mixed.

Question 4

Purpose

Answer 4

Why you are communicating, inform, instruct/advise, entertain, transactional, interactional.

Question 5

Subject Matter

Answer 5

The topic of the text.

Question 6

Maxim of Quantity

Answer 6

Don’t write too brief or too wordy.

Question 7

Maxim of Quality

Answer 7

Write/speak truthfully/accurately.

Question 8

Maxim of Relevance

Answer 8

Don’t go off topic or off on a tangent- stick to the topic.

Question 9

Maxim of Manner

Answer 9

Be polite and use the appropriate register.

Question 10

Pragmatics

Answer 10

The study of inferred meaning through contextual clues.

Question 11

What did Geoffrey Leach propose?

Answer 11

The need for Politeness Maxims as a necessarily for conversational co-operation.

Question 12

Maxim of Tact

Answer 12

Minimize the expression of beliefs which imply cost to other; maximize the expression of beliefs which imply benefit to other. Reduce the size of imposition by offering optionality. COULD I INTERRUPT YOU FOR A SECOND? YOU COULD COOK FISH IN HALD TIME THAN PIZZA?

Question 13

Maxim of Generosity

Answer 13

Minimize the expression of benefit to self; maximize the expression of cost to self.

Question 14

Maxim of Approbation

Answer 14

Minimize the expression of expression of beliefs which express dispraise of others; maximize the expression of beliefs which express approval of others. I KNOW YOU ARE A GENIUS, COULD YOU HELP ME WITH THIS MATHS QUESTION?

Question 15

Maxim of Modesty

Answer 15

Be modest- minimize the expression of praise of self, maximize dispraise.

Question 16

Maxim of Agreement

Answer 16

Minimize the expression of disagreement between self and other, maximize agreement.

Question 17

Maxim of Sympathy

Answer 17

Minimize antipathy between self and other; maximize sympathy.

Question 18

What is positive face? Give an example how to protect it?

Answer 18

The need to be desired and respected, liked, admired.

(Since you are so good at essays, would you possibly be the person to write up the review? would protect it).

Question 19

What is negative face? Give an example how to protect it?

Answer 19

The need to not be imposed on (modal verbs- ‘could’ ‘would’ protect it).

Question 20

Face threatening acts.

Answer 20

An act which inherently damages the face of an addressee or the speaker by acting in opposition to the words and desires of the other.

Question 21

Face Threatening Acts: Positive face

Answer 21

Speaker/hearer doesn’t care about their interactors feelings, wants or does not want what the other wants e.g. disapproval, insults, complaints.

Question 22

Face Threatening Acts: Negative face

Answer 22

Individual does not avoid or avoid to intend the obstruction of their interlocutor’s freedom’s of action e.g. requests, threats, advice, warnings, orders, demands, reminders.

Question 23

Off-record

Answer 23

In conversation where no threat is made to someone’s face.

Question 24

Bald on-record

Answer 24

Speaker doesn’t attempt to minimize the threats to a hearer’s face for the sake of being direct, clear and unambiguous e.g. an emergency, task orientated, alerting or to push authority- pragmatics/ context dependent.