Detailed Power Revision Guide

Question 1

Persuasive Techniques in language

Answer 1

Simile 
Metaphor
Mixed Metaphor 
Extended metaphors 
Allusion ( refer to a powerful phrase, quote that audible may know) 
Lists of three
Repetition 
Parallelism 
Synonymous parallelism
Antithetical parallelism or antithesis  
Puzzled or redundant question 
Alliteration
Wordplay

Question 2

Parallelism

Answer 2

Many public speaking writers divide a sentence or clause into two balanced parts.

Question 3

Synonymous parallelism

Answer 3

The second half echoes or develops the first half.

Question 4

Antithetic parallelism or antithesis

Answer 4

Two halves are opposed or contradictory.

Question 5

Puzzled or redundant questions

Answer 5

If you wish to make a statement, it may bd a good idea to ask a question or a series of questions to introduce it.

Question 6

Wordplay

Answer 6

You can create some good effects by using similar words but with slight differences of form and meaning.. ‘part arthouse, part shithouse’

Question 7

Influential power- advertising

Answer 7

Persuade their audience to adopt attitudes to lifestyle, products and services. Rare to find it that seeks to influence explicitly for directly. Less rare- in which the link to produce or service is implicit or ambiguous m.

Question 8

Advertising lexicon

Answer 8

May change over time but is fairly stable, new, improved, proven and other qualifiers are seen as reliable.

Question 9

Advertising lexicon study.

Answer 9

David Ogilvy- Confessions of an Advertising Man.
Identified a basic lexicon of qualifiers like good, crisp, better, natural, free. Verbs- buy, taste, go, look, feel,use. Special registers may be used to specific topics like scientific , technical, hygiene.

Question 10

Advertising borrows…

Answer 10

And adapts structures and forms from texts of all kinds. E.g. broadcast/ dramatic with a narrative conducted through dialogue, narrative by images alone with music/voiceover.

Question 11

Specific techniques in Advertising

Answer 11

Puns
Alliteration
Assonance 
Onomatopoeia 
Rhyme and other kinds of comic or something poetic wordplay e.g.
Ambiguity 
Irony
Allusion.

Question 12

Advertising and special lexis.

Answer 12

Adverts often use short texts which are backed full of specific lexis which relates to the subject matter and to how they want the audience to feel. It all links to register and feature of style which are all linked to the product brand/image and attitudes/values of the audiences.

Question 13

Grammar and advertising- what is different and what does it link to?

Answer 13

More likely to use short forms- minor sentences.
Use non standard forms (sentences/main clauses)
All links to assumption of audience.
Noun (phrases), verbs on their own. (sometimes headlines).
Use the brand name as a adj, verb, adverb. (eponym)

Question 14

What semantics are used in advertising?

Answer 14

Exploit connotations rather than denotations as there are state controls to what advertisers may claim or not about their product.
Jargon (pseudo-technical lexis or scientific lexis). e.g. distinguish pharmaceutical from beauty products/ stress naturalness of foods and drinks by adding additives, colorings etc.

Question 15

Pragmatics and advertising- what techniques?.

Answer 15

Make GRAMPS specific to audience. Make assumptions of viewpoint of audience and direct it.
Ways to do this: use celebrities, jargon, different grammar, photos, children’s TV show characters, and new mobile phone/car, imperatives, statements, noun phrases= form of address people use.

Question 16

Discourse and advertising- what techniques?.

Answer 16

Create narratives- self contained or episodic. Mimic tv shows or soon to be tv shows (if ad for it). ‘The end. It’s a Mini adventure’.

Question 17

Explain the relationship between influential power and politics.

Answer 17

Features of political language vary with the purposes. Usually to persuade voters. At the heart, to make us adopt general political or social attitudes so we support a given policy.

Features:
When answering journalists questions- particular language form- vague language.
Other politicians- under rule of arbiter.
‘Spin’- providing information to the media in such a way as to favor a desired interpretation, no explicitly stated.

Question 18

What is political rhetoric.

Answer 18

Persuasive techniques.
Alliteration
Allusion
Antithesis
Asking questions and suggesting answers
Lists of 3
Metaphor (extended)
Parallelism
Parenthesis
Repetition
Redundant questioning.

Question 19

What is parliamentary and unparliamentary language?

Answer 19

UK Parliament use special language features:
A special lexicon and forms of address.
Disallowing personally abusive epithets.
Use of special structures.
Parliamentary privilege- freedom from liability for slander.
Rules for taking and holding turns.
Procedures for supportive and explicatory interventions.
Submission to the arbitration of the chairman or woman, the speaker and Deputy speakers.

Question 20

Who states in Parliamentary language that the Maxims of conversational theory do not apply?

Answer 20

David Crystal.

Question 21

What is special lexis in politics?

Answer 21

Politicians have specific jargon exclusive to them. e.g. Another place, Chiltern Hundreds, I Spy Strangers, cross bench, speaker.

Question 22

What are the forms of address in Parliament?

Answer 22

The second person pronoun ‘You’ is not allowed.
‘My honorable friend’ /lady/gentleman/ for Finchley.- politeness to cover hostility.
Meant to know who represents which constituency.

Question 23

Parliamentary Privilage

Answer 23

HOC may assert things which elsewhere would allow others to sue them for libel.

On one hand calling speakers liars of swearing not allowed.

Question 24

Voting

Answer 24

Members must go through a lobby and if yes ‘Aye’ lobby or no.

Question 25

Rules for turn taking

Answer 25

Holder of turn may allow for interrupt ‘Will you give way? ‘I will give way’- brief contribution.

Debate- speaker if house calls MPs to take turn.

Question 26

Other rules in Parliament

Answer 26

No read aloud written speeches during a debate, although use notes. No newspapers or magazines and latter, no visual aids.

Question 27

What is the sounder bite.

Answer 27

Short slogans, often mark the speech of politicians answering questions to journalists (or opponents) - persuade listener of their truth or reason.

‘New Labour’ to distance from 80s.

Question 28

Explain influential power and the media.

Answer 28

Jargon
Lexical fields
Minor sentences
Repetition
Photos
Ideology
Media is very influential to change our ideology or add to it. Attitudes.

Question 29

Lexis and Semantics in the media.

Answer 29

Lexical choices- connotation, attitudes or subjective meaning.
Political correctness.
Recurring forms- vague or not.
Context and audience is very important.

Question 30

Pragmatics in the media.

Answer 30

Audience and assumptions and who it is directed at changes language used and the overall theme it is very important.
GRAMPS
Reality Tv vs The News.
Changes features used.

Question 31

Grammar in the media.

Answer 31

Verb tenses
Pronoun choices
= conversational or not.
Clause structure- subject and verb (past perfect_) and adverbial- effective, signals subject and grammatical subject, what’s happened, how and why and info.
Declarative sentences- recasting them as questions and answers.
Qualifiers.

Question 32

Structures in media texts.

Answer 32

Introduction
Elaboration of argument with examples
conclusion

Clear and neat- effective and sociolect/assumptions to persuade.

Political- minutes- no clear line of argument but a series of elements assembled loosely. - relies on audience to supply connections so not obvious telling us what to think. ‘Jobs’ repeated but no emphasis on how to create more.

Question 33

Influential Power- culture

Answer 33

On how people think and see the world and language forms and special lexicon and forms/slang are used which can influence some and connect with some but not others. Allusion dependable. Helpful phrases, attitudes, lexicon for troubles and problems, extended discourse structures or paradigms for coping.

Question 34

Influential power and law

Answer 34

Jargon
Power of knowledge
Persuade a jury with adversarial system of persuasion
Distinctive language forms- more constrained by rules than persuasion (instrumental)

Question 35

What does Crystal say about pollical and legal language?

Answer 35

Political- uses legal text and language of judiciary which interprets and applies it.

Question 36

What is the lexicon of law?

Answer 36

Archaic terms- promote respect for processes or intimidate those prosecuted.

Question 37

What happened to Civil Lexicon?

Answer 37

Changed April 1999. Became more simple- Lord Woold. Simplify and modernize. More respect for law as better sense of understanding.
A Mareva injunction- freezing conjunction
Minor or infant- child
Pleading- statement of case
Plaintiff- claimant
In camera- private

Question 38

Structures in legal language.

Answer 38

Complex sentences- lengthy
Parenthesis or subordinate clauses- clarify clause.
Number to refer to footnote where phrase is more un unambiously or extensively defined.
Hyper- complex syntax
Without clarifying punctuation and lengthy adverbial phrases.

Question 39

Advocacy

Answer 39

Power dynamic over client as they hold instrumental power and influential as they speak on behalf and represent client. Many rules. Special jargon, structures and lexis.

Question 40

Instrumental power and education

Answer 40

Power structures are often concealed to staff.
Produce codes, summaries, rules that usually have a local or relative force- subject to laws that protect interests of different groups but also private rules ‘no hand policy’.
Students can have power but teachers are meant to exert power.

Question 41

Classroom management and power.

Answer 41

The dynamic of power- submissive and dominant. The roles can be reversed but a good teacher uses the correct language features to command respect but being assertive, persuasive and fair. New teacher- pupils might ‘test’ them and assert power over them due to inexperience and lack of respect. Personalities of teachers and learners and the nature of language interactions between them matter.
Student can be nurturing and support adult effectively.
Conversational styles vary.

Question 42

Methods and classroom management.

Answer 42

Frequency with which a request takes a given from- direct imperative.
Whether the person making the request uses a name or other form of address.
Whether there is a please and thank you.