practice test Qs Flashcards
1
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A
2
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3
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4
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5
Q
what type of antiarrythmic is ibutilide
A
class III- work on K channels
6
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A
7
Q
the following tumor markers are associated with what type of tumors
- pancytokeratin
- calretinin
- chromogranin A
- synaptophysin
*
A
- pancytokeratin
- mesothelioma
- calretinin
- mesothelioma (highly sensitivie)
- chromogranin A
- neuroendocrine marker for small cell lung cancer
- synaptophysin
- neuroendocrine marker for small cell lung cancer
8
Q
+ describe the pathophysiology of the diagnosis
A
9
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A
10
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A
fast to slowest
purkinje –> atrial mycoytes –> ventricular myocytes –> AV node
**park at venture avenue**
11
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A
desmosomes= made of cadherins = cell-cell junctions
hemidesmosomes = cell-BM junctions
12
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13
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14
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15
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16
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17
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18
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19
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20
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21
Q
why are there no cutaneous findings
A
acute intermittant porphyria = no cutaneous sx
porphyria cutaenou tarda = painful, blistering skin lesions that develop on sun-exposed skin (photosensitivity). Affected skin is fragile and may peel or blister after minor trauma
22
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A
23
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A
24
Q
most likely dx
A
25
26
27
what are the AE of all the other drugs listed as well
28
histamine's role is probably via H4 receptors
29
30
31
two hit hypothesis = loss of heterozygosity
32
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34
35
36
37
38
39
40
patient presents with N. gonnorrhea
what is this, who is this seen in
howell jolly bodies
asplenia
41
E
42
43
44
45
presence of babinski sign indicates myelination problem ~~ B12 needed to myelinate neurons
46
47
48
at the two day mark of little to no eating, what clinical finding can differentiate between a patient presenting with defect in gluconeogenesisi vs defect in beta oxidation
ketone levels in urine
hypoglycemic hypoketotic = beta oxidiation abnormality
* severe vomiting, seizures..
vs: gluconeogenesis mess up- @ 24 hrs, when the main switch is to gluconeogenesis, they are not able to last that long
* vs beta oxidation can last a lil longer than 24 hours
* x gluconeo= more severe, full body - LOC
both present in youngish people, but xgluconeo probs younger children
49
which TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES are turned off --\> can't set off apoptosis --\> CA
associated with what CA/syndrome
TP53 = in most CAs ,
* genomic stability
* Li Fraumenni Syndrome
RB = retinoblastoma, osteosarcoma
* G1/S transition inhibitor
*
50
which PROTO-ONCOGENES --\> GOF in CAs
* result in inc growth signals
associated with which CAs
MYC
* TF --\> Burkitt Lymphoma
RAS
* GTP-binding protein --\> cholangiocarcioma, pancreatic adenocarcinoma
EGFR
* (aka ERBB1 ) RTK= lung adenocarcinoma
HER2
* RTK = breast CA
ABL
* CML (chronic myelogenous leukemia)
BRAF
* (Ras signalling) hairy cell leukemia, melanoma
51
the loss of which tumor suppressor gene --\>
* x ubiquitin ligase component
* xurogenitcal differentiation
* x Wnt signalling
and which CAs/syndromes are they associated with
52
53
54
55
which mutations and CAs are associated with...
* Lynch Syndrome
* FAP
* VHL
* Li-Fraumenni
* MEN1
* MEN2
56
differentiate between the components that make up an MHCI vs MHCII molecule
57
58
59
60
61
62
which autonomic receptors set off which G-couple receptors
a1 = q
a2= i
B(1,2,&3) = s
"queens inspire songs"
63
64
FSGS = most common cause of nephrotic syndrome
65
66
lymphatic drainage of the abdomen goes through which LN
67
68
69
70
transketolase = xthiamine --\> wernicke korsakoff + beri beri
71
POMC = a precursor for endogenous opioids, ACTH, and MSH
72
label the :
musculocutaneous N
axillary N
radial N
median N
ulnar N
subscapular Ns
suprascapular Ns
73
the plummer's van parked in the driveway
74
75
differentiate the histo between
AML vs ALL
AML vs CML
CML = only lots of mature lymphotcytes (has granules) and \<2% blast cells (the v dark nucleus takes up the entire cell, no granules)
CLL= no myeloblasts at all
AML = auer rod cells, ALL= none
76
77
78
79
aortic dissections usually occur where
80
endocardial cushion defect --\> VSD or aatrial defects --\> eisenmenger syndrome (presents later in life after the shunt reversal)
81
tightly bind your "CAB" -use dependence = 1C\>1A\>1C binding to Na channels
82
which of the following increase or decrease LV volume
* valsalva
* abdrupt standing
* nitroglycerin
* sustained hand grip
* squatting
* passive leg raise
DEC LV VOLUME
* valsalva ----\> push out to bladder, legs,
* abdrupt standing
* nitroglycerin ---\> dec work of the heart
INC LV VOLUME
* sustained hand grip --\> work out hand, thighs, leg
* squatting
* passive leg raise
83
84
Strep viridans is bile INsoluble and so doesNOT grow in NaCl or bile
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
what is seen when the probe is turned to look posteriorly?
92
pathogenesis of atherosclerosis
-what is the initial cell to be start the abnormal process, how does it progress
93
94
how will the administration of alpha 1 agonists change the heart rate
what is the effect of alpa 1, alpha 2, beta 1, beta 2, m2, and m3 receptors
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
effect of NE, epinephrine, phenylephrine, isoproteronol, and dobutamine on
heart contractility and SVR
102
103
104
105
106
107
what is the diagnosis and pathophysiology
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
B
121
122
123
124
125
Gamma-glutamyl carboxylase is an enzyme that catalyzes the posttranslational modification of vitamin K-dependent proteins. Many of these vitamin K-dependent proteins are involved in coagulation so the function of the encoded enzyme is essential for hemostasis.[5] Most gla domain-containing proteins depend on this carboxylation reaction for posttranslational modification.[6] In humans, the gamma-glutamyl carboxylase enzyme is most highly expressed in the liver.
126
which leads correspond to STEMI of...
* LAD
* left circumflex
* Right coronary A
* LAD
* V1-V4 (distal LAD is only 3-4, proximal only 1-2)
* left circumflex
* I, avL, V5-V6
* Right coronary A
* II, III, avF
127
normal heart changes = inc septal thickness and dec cavity volume
128
dx and pathophysiology of the given lesions
129
130
131
pathophysiology of conduction abnormality seen in
* a flutter
* a fib
* wolf parkinson white
* AV node re-entrant tachy
132
133
MC cause of sterile endocarditis = malignancy \>\> SLE
134
when would you see each answer choice
135
136
137
138
139
differentiate between the murmur heard in aortic stenosis vs hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
